fswiki.us - User contributions [en]

Thread:Talk:Suspension Reasoning/Can I move this page?

2020-05-24T15:52:27Z

Toaster: New thread: Can I move this page?

I'd like to move this text to the suspension category, kind of as an introduction to the category. Is that okay?

Talk:Suspension Reasoning

2020-05-24T15:52:27Z

Toaster: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Category:Internal Combustion

2020-05-24T15:42:04Z

Toaster:

The goal of the powertrain is to move the car forward. In an internal combustion engine, this goal is accomplished by converting chemical energy stored in a combustible [[Fuel|fuel]] source into mechanical energy. This energy is transmitted to the ground through the [[Drivetrain|drivetrain]] and [[Differential|differential]].
[[Category:Powertrain]]

Thread:User talk:Emilyanthony/New Category?

2020-05-22T14:52:57Z

Toaster: New thread: New Category?

where do you think this page should go?

https://fswiki.us/Rudd's_Rules

I made a new category, but it looks like it got deleted.

Thread:Talk:Hybrid Chassis/Kinda setting up an outline/reply (5)

2020-05-21T19:47:31Z

Toaster: Reply to Kinda setting up an outline

I think it counts, I'm interested in how you bonded the panels to the tube frame and how effective they were

Thread:Talk:Fuel/Sould we break this up into multiple articles?/reply

2020-05-20T10:49:46Z

Toaster:

In my opinion, the page isn't that long for a wiki article. If there are any problems with length, people can use the table of contents to help navigate.

Fuel

2020-05-20T10:49:06Z

Toaster:

Internal combustion engines can use a variety of '''fuels''', the fuels available at US competitions are gasoline of octane ratings 93 and 100, and E85. Fuels and the fuel system are covered in IC.5 of the FSAE Rules. [find fs rules and say what they are here too] No fuel additives can be used<ref>(2020).''Formula SAE Rules 2020''(v2.1) Location: FSAEonline. https://www.fsaeonline.com/cdsweb/gen/DocumentResources.aspx.</ref>
==Chemistry==
===Gasoline===
Although the gasoline supplied at the pump, and in US competition is 5-10% ethanol (check about in other countries), gasoline is typically approached chemically as pure octane. 
<math> 2\text{C}_8\text{H}_{18}(l)+25\text{O}_2(g) \rightarrow 16\text{CO}_2(g) + 18\text{H}_2\text{O}(g) </math> 

if we use atomic weights for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, we find that 2 mol of octane is 224 grams, 25 mol of oxygen is 800 grams which comes from 3809 grams of 21 percent air. This yields an air fuel ratio of 17.

Since gasoline is not pure octane and air is not exactly 21% oxygen. Experimentation yields the stoichiometric ratio of 14.7 grams of air per gram of fuel<ref><cite id="CITEREFHillierPittuck1966" class="citation book">Hillier, V.A.W.; Pittuck, F.W. (1966). "Sub-section 3.2".''Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology''. London:Hutchinson Educational.ISBN 0 09 110711 3.</ref>.
===Ethanol===
The ethanol used in competition is E85, nominally 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline,.
==System Design==
===Fuel Storage===
[[File:Intake and fuel packaging.PNG|right|middle|thumb|I.C.1.2 Packaging Restrictions]] The fuel tank design rules can be found in IC.5.2 for FSAE and ___ for FS.
volume determination
* ways to pick factor of safety
** competition strategy
fixed volume only

====Rigid Container====
mounting 
* cannot be stressed or loaded in any way by frame - no 3 hard points for mounting
material 
form factor (exterior and interior) 
sloshing is a meme
====Bladder====
just pour the gas in a kroger bag and let it flop in the wind /s must be enclosed by a non-flexible container that is rigidly connected to the chassis and may be load bearing
===Fuel Lines===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|Material 
!|Internal Diameter [in]
!|Pressure [psi]
!|Cost [per foot]
!|Minimum Bend Radius [in] 
!|Supplier
!|Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center" colspan="7"|Hard Lines 
|-
|Aluminum 
|3/8-1/2 (OD) 
|250 
|2+
|
|Russell
|[https://www.jegs.com/p/Russell/Russell-Aluminum-Hard-Lines/2861386/10002/-1 link] 
pressure rating is wall thickness dependent
|-
|Aluminum (0.035 wall thickness)
|1/4-5/8 (OD) 
|200
|0.68
|
|Summit
|
[https://www.summitracing.com/parts/sum-g2538 link] pressure rating not specified formally, only mentioned in Q&A with conflicting answers, trust with caution
|-
|Nickel/Copper Alloy (0.028 wall thickness)
|.132
|unspecified
|1.28
|
|Summit
|[https://www.summitracing.com/parts/sum-220216-25 link] sold as pressure rated comparable to mild steel brake line
|-
|304 Steel (0.028 wall thickness)
|.257-.319 
(5.16-3/8 OD)
|3500
|2
|
|JEGS
|
[https://www.jegs.com/i/JEGS/555/635202/10002/-1 link]
|-
| style="text-align:center" colspan="7"|Soft Lines
|-
|Nitrile Rubber* 
|3/8 
|50 
|0.88
|
|JEGS
|[https://www.jegs.com/i/JEGS/555/15998/10002/-1 link]
|-
|Nitrile* (Neoprene* cover)
|1/8
|50
|0.8
|
|Dayco
|[http://www.daycoproducts.com/dayco®-fuel-line-hose product details] cannot buy direct
|-
|Buna-N*
|3/16+
|50
|1.1
|1.25
|McMaster
|[https://www.mcmaster.com/gasoline-hose/low-pressure-petroleum-hose-8/ link] yarn reinforced
|-
|Buna-N*
|3/4+
|150
|7
|3
|McMaster
|[https://www.mcmaster.com/gasoline-hose/low-pressure-petroleum-hose-8/ link]
steel wire reinforced
|-
| style="text-align:center" colspan="7"|Braided Lines
|-
|Nitrile Rubber* and Steel 
|1/4+
|50
|3.50+
|
|Spectre
|[https://www.jegs.com/i/Spectre/865/29225/10002/-1 link]
|-
|Nitrile Rubber* and Stainless Steel
|0.22+ (4AN+)
|1000
|6+
|2
|Pegasus
|[https://www.pegasusautoracing.com/productselection.asp?Product=3270 link]
|-
|PTFE and Stainless Steel
|0.27+ (4AN+)
|1320
|11.3+
|0.75
|Pegasus
|[https://www.pegasusautoracing.com/productselection.asp?Product=3480 link]
|-
|PTFE and Aramid
|0.27+ (4AN+)
|1320
|21.3+
|0.92
|Pegasus
|[https://www.pegasusautoracing.com/productselection.asp?Product=3490 link]
|-
|PTFE and Polyester
|0.38+
|305+
|15.8+
|2
|Pegasus
|[https://www.pegasusautoracing.com/productselection.asp?Product=3495 link]
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> [https://www.highpowermedia.com/Archive/elastomer-compatibility-with-ethanol-in-fuel not compatible with e85]
====Hard Lines====
only legends do this [citation needed]
+weight - cost -manufacturing +pressure - not as reusable year to year 
====Soft Lines====
pressure and solvent rated e85 sucks for this +cost +manufacturing +reusable year to year / design to design -pressure 
====Braided====
you're gonna poke you're eye out kid - cost - mfg - i hate + reusable + pressure rated
===Filling===
====Filler Neck====
====Sight Tube====
===Venting===
===Pump and Pressures===
====Low Pressure====
under 10 bar depends on injectors, we ran 3 bar, not sure what other people did low pressure if for tbi and pi
=====Fuel Rail=====
critical fasteners
====High Pressure====
systems running at or above 10 bar
high pressure is for di FSAE - Fuel lines must be stainless steel hard-line or "Aeroquip FC807 smooth bore PTFE hose with stainless steel reinforcement and visible Nomex tracer yarn" (although you can run something similar if you get approval before comp) supply before boost pump is considered low pressure
=====Fuel Rail=====
must be able to withstand max force not including cyl pressure critical fasteners

----talk about filters here? contribute to pressure loss...
===Injectors===
====Placement====
=====Throttle Body Injection=====
basically electornic carb
=====Port Fuel Injection=====
Fuel Injected into the [[Intake|ports]] just before entering the combustion chamber. Usually leads to well mixed charge [citation needed]
=====Direct Fuel Injection=====
big boys do this [citation needed]
====Classification by Resistance====
=====Low Resistance=====
Usually 0.5 - 5 Ohm. Also called "peak-and-hold-injectors". From this name you can directly infer the mode of operation. In the beginning the ECU has to give a high current to the valve to open it quickly. This is the peak. Then a lower current is sufficient to keep the valve open. A common ratio of the currents is 4:1.

However, for this the ECU must also have a controller that can supply the different currents. The advantage of this system is that due to the high current at the beginning the valve can be opened very quickly. However, this is no longer necessary nowadays, because even valves with high resistance can provide the necessary flow.
=====High Resistance=====
Ususally 8 - 15 Ohm. Also known as a "saturated drive injector". These are much easier to control, as only the circuit has to be closed and the resistance of the valve controls the current.
===Firewall===
{{Main|Firewall}}
==Fuel Strategy==
===How it's scored at comp===
===Efficiency===
====Consumption vs. Thermal Efficiency====
====BSFC====
link for calc citations[https://x-engineer.org/automotive-engineering/internal-combustion-engines/performance/brake-specific-fuel-consumption-bsfc/] copying from old school notes so i'll have to add context later -simon

this is for finding fuel consumption (mpg or equivalent) w bsfc chart

P_me (mean effective pressure)

n_mot (motor speed)

i_G (gear ratio for selected gear)

i_sec (FDR)

r_dyn (dynamic radius of tire)

V_d (displacement volume of engine)

i (constant for 4 stroke)

F_req (tractive force required)

p_me = (2pi*T_motor_required)/(V_d * i) = (2pi)/(V_d*i) * ((Freq * rdyn)/(i_G * i_sec) + T_low)

n_mot = (Velocity*i_g*i_sec)/(2*pi*r_dyn)

be (fuel consumption) usually experimentally determined

B_time = b_e*Pe/rho_fuel = b_e*p_me*V_d*n_mot*i/rho_fuel

B_distance = B_time/V

i = 0.5 for 4-stroke engine

[[Category: Internal Combustion]]

Thread:Talk:Fuel/Sould we break this up into multiple articles?/reply

2020-05-20T10:44:16Z

Toaster: Reply to Sould we break this up into multiple articles?

In my opinion, it's not that long for a wiki article. If there are any problems with length, people can use the table of contents to help navigate.

Firewall

2020-05-20T10:43:48Z

Toaster:

The '''firewall''' is a component that protects the driver from powertrain failures. The firewall is required by rule T.1.8 in the FSAE rules and __ in the FS rules.
==Internal Combustion==
FSAE - The firewall must protect the driver against the [[Fuel|fuel supply]], [[Oil|oil]], [[Cooling|cooling lines]], and any lithium batteries (Link to rules)
===Construction===
===Position===
==EVs==
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Firewall

2020-05-20T10:42:36Z

Toaster: fixed category and formatting

The firewall is a safety device(word choice?) that protects the driver from the powertrain. The firewall is required by rule T.1.8 in the FSAE rules and __ in the FS rules.

==Internal Combustion==
FSAE - The firewall must protect the driver against the [[Fuel|fuel supply]], [[Oil|oil]], [[Cooling|cooling lines]], and any lithium batteries (Link to rules)
===Construction===
===Position===
==EVs==

[[Category:Internal Combustion]]
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Thread:Talk:Engine Control/changing links from old page to current/reply

2020-05-20T00:11:00Z

Toaster: Reply to changing links from old page to current

would have bugged me for the rest of time if I didn't

Wire

2020-05-20T00:09:40Z

Toaster: /* AWG */

Wire is a single electrical conductor that may or may not be insulated by a jacket. See [[Cable]] for multiple conductors housed within a single jacket.

==Sizing==
===AWG===
American Wire Gauge is the standard system for wire sizing used predominantly in North America. Wire sizes are logarithmically stepped, with a larger gauge signifying a smaller cross section. The formula for calculating diameter of a wire for standard and metric units is as follows:

: <math>d_n = 0.005~\mathrm{inch} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39} = 0.127~\mathrm{mm} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39}</math>
:

===Metric===

==Construction==
===Conductor===
====Material====
====Stranded/Solid====
===Jacket===
====Material====
====Temperature Rating====
====Chemical Resistance====
====Abrasion Resistance====

==Electrical Characteristics==
===Ampacity===
===Voltage Rating===
===Resistance===
===Impedance===
===Capacitance===

==Standards==
===SAE Wire Standards===
[[Category:Electronics]]

Wheels

2020-05-20T00:09:06Z

Toaster:

spinny bois that [[tires]] mount to
==Types==
===Three-Piece===
Consists of two rims/shells and a center/spyder.
===One-Piece===
it's one piece 
(not the anime you weeb fiends)

==Dimensions==

* bolt pattern
* backspacing
* width (lip-to-lip)
* caliper clearance

other things: hub centric / lug centric / center lock, #UnsprungWeight, lugs
[[Category:Suspension]]

Traction Control

2020-05-20T00:07:13Z

Toaster:

[[Engine control]]
==Rationale==
[[File:Tire slip and grip.PNG|none|middle|thumb|Grip Coefficient vs Slip]]

==Combustion Engine Control==

* engine
** spark
** fuel
* clutch?
* not sure if anyone does some other crazy shit like brakes or smth

==EV Motor Control==
idk what yall EEs do like voltage control or smth

==Launch Control==
* algo
==Mid Corner Traction Control==
* algo
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]

Throttle

2020-05-20T00:05:02Z

Toaster:

Throttles are a part of the [[Intake]] system used to modulate [[Engine]] output.
==Throttle Form Factors==
===Butterfly===
Most industry throttle applications use butterfly valves https://www.jenvey.co.uk/support/faqs/donec-at-velit-massa/ 
At wide open throttle, a butterfly valve still has an obstruction to the airflow, as the valve does not not move out of the air stream, but rotates to the slimmest profile. This type of throttle is the only type that (suffers from this problem? exhibits this behavior? idk a good way to phrase this).

===Barrel===
===Slide===
===Iris===

==Cabling==
If using a cable actuated throttle, the choice and routing of cable are important considerations. A push-pull cable has negligible stretch/flex over time and will give the greatest consistency [citation needed for stretch comparison].

Other popular choices are shifting and brake cables used on bicycles. Brake cables are often thicker than shifter cables[https://www.bikeman.com/bicycle-repair-tech-info/bikeman-tech-info/1641-cables-a-housing]. A steel cable will always have some stretch, and a thicker gage will stretch less. The housings supplied for brake and shifter cables are also different. Bicycle brake cable housing has steel reinforcement wrapped in a spiral along the length of the housing. Shifter cable housing has longitudinal reinforcement that leads to the cable being incompressible, but the minimum bend radius can be compromised..

Cable fittings are either swage or swageless. Swage fittings are permanently attached by crimping (swaging). Swawgeless fittings can be attached to the cable in a number of ways including set screws or collets. [citation for fittings] Swageless fittings allow for a degree of adjustment as the cable stretches.

[insert image of swageless v swage fittings]

Dry lube like graphite or molybdenum disulfide are the best go to for high quality cable sheathing. However, if the cable is in a wet/humid environment or the sheathing is old or slightly damaged, a liberal dose of a high quality oil such as motor oil is desirable[citation needed]. Non-synthetic oils like mineral oil can degrade the cable housing [citation needed]. WD-40 may also degrade the housing and will dissolve the lubricant applied to the cable by the manufacturer [citation needed].

Further reading here: https://www.sheldonbrown.com/cables.html

==Electronic Throttle Control==
{{Main|Electronic Throttle Control}}
overview and driving rationale
how it fits into system
not specific design info
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]

Steel

2020-05-19T23:57:40Z

Toaster:

[[Category:Materials]]

Alloys:

1xxx Carbon

2xxx Nickel

3xxx Nickel-Chromium

4xxx Molybdenum

5xxx Chromium

6xxx Chromium-Vanadium

7xxx Tungsten

8xxx Nickel-chrome-molybdenum

9xxx Silicon-Manganese
==1000 Series "Low-carbon Steel"==
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
===1010-1030===
==3000 Series==
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
===18-8===
18-8, or 18% Chromium 8% Nickel, is
==4000 Series==
 
===4130===
<brdata-mce-bogus="1" />

<brdata-mce-bogus="1" />

Shifter

2020-05-19T23:56:50Z

Toaster:

==Actuation==
===Mechanical===
linkage or cable or both mimics actuation used on motorcycle +Cost [citation needed] +Simplicity [citation needed] +Robust [citation needed] -Most implementations mean driver has to take hand off steering wheel [citation needed] -Minimum shift time is longer [citation needed] -Maximum shift time is longer [citation needed] -Unable to convert to automatic 
===Electronic===
solenoid +OEM solutions available[http://www.pingelonline.com/prodcat/electric-speed-shifters.asp] (they can be expensive) +simplest upgrade to automatic I have no idea on shift times -cost -everyone knows electronics always go wrong
===Pneumatic===
pneumatic solenoid Which gas to use 
* N2
* compressed air
* CO2
Valving
+OEM solutions available [https://www.mpsracing.com/products/MPS/as01.asp]
+Actuation speeds [citation needed] -safety (compressed gas can be dangerous) -largest number of points of failures of all actuation methods [citation needed] -inherently limited number of shifts per tank -shift gas pressure can change when running low on gas 
==Automatic Shifting==
not going to touch on driver controls (paddles or whatever)

[[Category: Internal Combustion]]
[[Category: Electric Vehicle]]

Thread:Talk:Shifter/Electric Vehicle Category

2020-05-19T23:56:28Z

Toaster: New thread: Electric Vehicle Category

Does this need to be in the EV category? Do cars in electric FSAE have multiple gears?

Talk:Shifter

2020-05-19T23:56:28Z

Toaster: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Sandwich Panel

2020-05-19T23:54:24Z

Toaster:

Panel (generally composite) that is made of core middle sandwiched between sheets of material.

[[Category:Materials]]

Thread:Talk:Oil/Can't make this a child of engine

2020-05-19T23:45:42Z

Toaster: New thread: Can't make this a child of engine

sorry about the bad news, you can only add pages to categories (i.e. not engine)

Talk:Oil

2020-05-19T23:45:42Z

Toaster: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Oil

2020-05-19T23:44:27Z

Toaster:

==Basic Purpose of Oil==
==System design==
===Wet Sump===
====[[File:Wet sump.PNG|none|middle|thumb|Wet Sump Schematic]]====

===Banking in Engines===
[[File:Oil system.PNG|right|middle|thumb|Oil System Differences]]
In a stock motorcycle engine, the oil is stored in the oil pan as an internal oil pan. This is called a “wet sump” oil system. On a motorcycle, this works during hard lateral turns because the motorcycle itself leans into the turn, allowing the oil pickup to remain submerged during the turn. In a four wheeled vehicle, the engine cannot tilt into the turn, and the oil is forced against the side of the pan.

====Accumulator====

===Dry Sump===
[[File:Dry sump.PNG|right|middle|thumb|Dry Sump Schematic]]

In a dry sump oil system, the oil for the engine is stored in an external reservoir. The oil that collects at the bottom of the engine is quickly removed by a scavenging pump, and routed into the external reservoir from which the supplies for the engine and the turbocharger are drawn. A common industry solution, a dry sump is often used in very high performance engines for a variety of reasons, including reducing the load on the engine by pumping the oil electrically, or reducing the frictional work the engine has to overcome by reducing windage. A dry sump is common in FSAE for forced induction applications as high lateral accelerations reached in the FSAE competition greatly increase the chances of temporary oil starvation of the turbocharger[https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/36310].

==Oiling for Turbochargers==
The engine has a robust internal oil management and supply system, so a brief or inconsistent oil supply will have limited consequences for the engine itself. However, the turbocharger is spinning at well over 200,000 rpm, meaning even a small perturbation in oil supply will spell disaster for the bearing system. [citation needed, our source this in our senior proj was alumni communications]
[[category: Internal Combustion]]

Threaded Fasteners

2020-05-19T23:43:22Z

Toaster:

==Standards==
===ISO (metric)===
===Inch===
==Fastener Characteristics (how to choose)==
* Initial Tensioning
* Initial Tightening Force
** Brings bolt close to "proof load"
* Deformation of threads (pic)
* Maintenance schedule
==Torque Tension Calcs==
[[category:Fasteners]]

Monocoque

2020-05-19T23:42:51Z

Toaster:

A monocoque is a fully enclosed structural chassis where the loads are supported by the skin. This could be done by either folding a sheet material (such as aluminum sandwich or sheet metal) or manufacturing components with molding a material (such as [[Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer|CFRP]] or [[Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer|GFRP]]).Generally this design is seen as more challenging compared to a tube frame, but can have considerable performance and manufacturing benefits if done properly.

A monocoque chassis should be worked towards in increments and is not recommended to have as a chassis without proper validation or manufacturing resources. A general practice is to start with a tube frame design which meets FSAE rules and design requirements of the team, and then to add shear panels for the body. Once a team as proper experience and understanding of the chassis, they can attempt a monocoque.
==Design==
==Manufacturing==
Separate page on Composite manufacturing
==Analysis==
===Longitudinal Torsion===
Consider the monocoque as a cylinder with with cutouts.

[[File:Longitudinal Torsion.PNG|250px|right|middle|thumb|Simpilifed Longitudinal Torsion Model]]

===Vertical Bending===
[[File:Vertical Bending.PNG|250px|right|middle|thumb|Simplified Vertical Bending Model]]

====Lateral Bending====
[[File:Lateral Bending.PNG|250px|right|middle|thumb|Simplified Lateral Bending Model]]

====Localized Bending====
====Fatigue====
Need to add reference for images: Design, Analysis and Testing of a Formula SAE Car Chassis, William B. Riley and Albert R. George
==Simulation==
Throw it in ansys acp. Hit send

==Physical==
==Notable Monocoque Designs==
====McGill Formula Electric 2019====
[[Category:Chassis]]

List of competitions

2020-05-19T23:40:17Z

Toaster: /* Unofficial Active Competitions */

==Official Active Competitions==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 1256px;" data-mce-style="width: 1256px;"
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Country
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|Name
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Sanctioning Body
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|Classes
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|Month
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|Years active since
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Notes
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Australia
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.saea.com.au/formula Formula SAE Australasia]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|SAE Australasia
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|December
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Austria
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://fsaustria.at/ Formula Student Austria]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Austria
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Brasil
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/programas-estudantis/formula-sae-brasil Formula SAE Brasil ]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|[http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/ SAE Brasil]
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2004
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Canada
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-north Formula SAE North]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|May
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|China
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.formulastudent.com.cn/ Formula Student China]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|China Society of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October-November
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2010
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|EV and CV are held separately since 2015, DV started in 2017, and is held with EV.
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Czech Republic
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.fsczech.cz/ Formula Student Czech Republic]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Czech Republic
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Germany
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formulastudent.de/ Formula Student Germany]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Germany
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2006
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Hungary
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://fseast.eu/ Formula Student East]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Association of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|India
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formulabharat.com/ Formula Bharat]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|[http://www.curiosumtech.in/ Curiosum Tech]
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|January
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2017
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Italy
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formula-ata.it/ Formula SAE Italy]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|ANFIA
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Japan
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.jsae.or.jp/formula/jp Formula SAE Japan]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|JSAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|September
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Netherlands
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formula-student.nl/ Formula Student Netherlands]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Netherlands
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Russia
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://fstudent.ru/ Formula Student Russia]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Department of Entreprenurship and Innovative Devlopment of the City of Moscow and SMP Racing
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|September
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2019
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|South Korea
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://jajak.ksae.org/ KSAE Formula]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Spain
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.formulastudent.es/ Formula Student Spain]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|STA (Spanish Society of Automotive Engineers)
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Switzerland
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://formulastudent.ch/index.php Formula Student Switzerland]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|FS Switzerland
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Thailand
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.tsae.or.th/ TSAE Auto Challenge]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|SAE Thailand
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|January
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"| 
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|United Kingdom
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.imeche.org/events/formula-student Formula Student ]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|IMechE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|USA
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-michigan Formula SAE Michigan]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|May
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2000
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|USA
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-california Formula SAE California]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|June
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2006
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Held at Lincoln, NB between 2012-2019
|}

==Unofficial Active Competitions==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 1361px;" data-mce-style="width: 1361px;"
|- style="height: 34px;" data-mce-style="height: 34px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 34px;"|City, Country
| style="width: 222px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 34px;"|Name
| style="width: 410px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 34px;"|Organizing Body
| style="width: 105px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 34px;"|Classes
| style="width: 60px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 34px;"|Month
| style="width: 125px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 34px;"|Years active since
| style="width: 472px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 34px;"|Notes
|- style="height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="height: 24.8px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;"|Pittsburgh, USA
| style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;"|[//www.pittsburghshootout.com Pittsburgh Shootout]
| style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;"|[//www.facebook.com/Pittfsae University of Pittsburgh Formula SAE]
| style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;"|July-August
| style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;"|2016
| style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;"|Uses Formula SAE ruleset
Autocross event only
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|Ljungbyhed, Sweden
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|[https://lundformulastudent.se/nordic-test-event/ Nordic Test Event]
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|[https://lundformulastudent.se/ Lund Formula Student]
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|June
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|2015
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|Mock competition aimed at the nordic teams
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|Sydney, Australia
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|[https://www.fs-sydney.com.au/ FS Sydney]
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|[https://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/ Australian Racing Drivers' Club]
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|January
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|2019
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|Formula SAE rule set with full dynamic events and modified static events.
|}

[[Category:Competition]]

==Notes==
<references />

List of competitions

2020-05-19T23:40:04Z

Toaster:

==Official Active Competitions==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 1256px;" data-mce-style="width: 1256px;"
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Country
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|Name
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Sanctioning Body
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|Classes
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|Month
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|Years active since
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Notes
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Australia
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.saea.com.au/formula Formula SAE Australasia]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|SAE Australasia
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|December
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Austria
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://fsaustria.at/ Formula Student Austria]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Austria
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Brasil
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/programas-estudantis/formula-sae-brasil Formula SAE Brasil ]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|[http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/ SAE Brasil]
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2004
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Canada
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-north Formula SAE North]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|May
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|China
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.formulastudent.com.cn/ Formula Student China]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|China Society of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October-November
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2010
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|EV and CV are held separately since 2015, DV started in 2017, and is held with EV.
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Czech Republic
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.fsczech.cz/ Formula Student Czech Republic]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Czech Republic
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Germany
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formulastudent.de/ Formula Student Germany]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Germany
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2006
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Hungary
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://fseast.eu/ Formula Student East]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Association of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|India
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formulabharat.com/ Formula Bharat]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|[http://www.curiosumtech.in/ Curiosum Tech]
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|January
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2017
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Italy
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formula-ata.it/ Formula SAE Italy]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|ANFIA
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Japan
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.jsae.or.jp/formula/jp Formula SAE Japan]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|JSAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|September
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Netherlands
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formula-student.nl/ Formula Student Netherlands]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Netherlands
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Russia
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://fstudent.ru/ Formula Student Russia]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Department of Entreprenurship and Innovative Devlopment of the City of Moscow and SMP Racing
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|September
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2019
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|South Korea
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://jajak.ksae.org/ KSAE Formula]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Spain
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.formulastudent.es/ Formula Student Spain]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|STA (Spanish Society of Automotive Engineers)
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Switzerland
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://formulastudent.ch/index.php Formula Student Switzerland]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|FS Switzerland
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Thailand
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.tsae.or.th/ TSAE Auto Challenge]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|SAE Thailand
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|January
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"| 
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|United Kingdom
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.imeche.org/events/formula-student Formula Student ]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|IMechE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|USA
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-michigan Formula SAE Michigan]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|May
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2000
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|USA
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-california Formula SAE California]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|June
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2006
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Held at Lincoln, NB between 2012-2019
|}

==Unofficial Active Competitions==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 1361px;" data-mce-style="width: 1361px;"
|- style="height: 34px;" data-mce-style="height: 34px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 34px;"|City, Country
| style="width: 222px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 34px;"|Name
| style="width: 410px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 34px;"|Organizing Body
| style="width: 105px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 34px;"|Classes
| style="width: 60px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 34px;"|Month
| style="width: 125px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 34px;"|Years active since
| style="width: 472px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 34px;"|Notes
|- style="height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="height: 24.8px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;"|Pittsburgh, USA
| style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;"|[//www.pittsburghshootout.com Pittsburgh Shootout]
| style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;"|[//www.facebook.com/Pittfsae University of Pittsburgh Formula SAE]
| style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;"|July-August
| style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;"|2016
| style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;"|Uses Formula SAE ruleset
Autocross event only
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|Ljungbyhed, Sweden
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|[https://lundformulastudent.se/nordic-test-event/ Nordic Test Event]
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|[https://lundformulastudent.se/ Lund Formula Student]
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|June
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|2015
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|Mock competition aimed at the nordic teams
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|Sydney, Australia
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|[https://www.fs-sydney.com.au/ FS Sydney]
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|[https://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/ Australian Racing Drivers' Club]
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|January
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|2019
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|Formula SAE rule set with full dynamic events and modified static events.
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|
|}

[[Category:Competition]]
==Notes==
<references />

List of Engines

2020-05-19T23:38:40Z

Toaster:

Stock engine stats, if you want to put your custom high compression boosted r6 pumping out 150 hp, make another table stuttgart

Guys we dont need to list every school that runs a yamaha r6 or other common engines, there are 500 teams who run the common engines. There's only one who runs a rotax, or a B&S, just cause the columns there, doesn't mean it needs to be filled.
==Single Cylinder Engines==

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Make
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Model 
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Year
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Displacement [cc] 
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Peak Torque 
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Peak Power 
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Weight 
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Power to Weight Ratio 
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|School(s)
! style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Notes 
|- style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Briggs and Stratton
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Model 20
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|1872-2016
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|305
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|2.1 lb-ft
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Unlimited HP
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|5.5lbs
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
|- style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|Honda
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|CRF450X
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|449.7
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|45.6 Nm (33.63 lb-ft)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|39.5 kW (53.03 HP)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|29.5 kg (65lbs)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|1.34 kW/kg (0.82 HP/lb)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"| 
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"| 
|- style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"
| style="height: 36px;" rowspan="2" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|Yamaha 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|WR450 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
|- style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|YZF450
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|ATV motor
|- style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"
| style="height: 48.0333px;" rowspan="3" data-mce-style="height: 48.0333px;"|KTM
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|450 SX-F
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|2016-20
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|449
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|45.7 Nm (33.7 lb-ft)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|39.7 kW (53.2 HP)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|26.8 kg (59lbs)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|1.48 kW/kg (0.902 HP/lb)
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|
| style="height: 36px;" data-mce-style="height: 36px;"|Internal Dry-sump system [//https://www.dirtrider.com/resizer/vKifA1QP8QAmI0UjI6VJ8lNYPiY=/2068x1232/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-bonnier.s3.amazonaws.com/public/3KLGLV3COBGOXOTK2KAOYMO6VM.jpg 2020 Dyno Graph ] 
|- style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|690 Gen III
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|2008-2011
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|653.7
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|65 Nm (48 lb-ft)
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|45.9 kW (61.6 HP)
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"|Texas Tech
| style="height: 29px;" data-mce-style="height: 29px;"| 
|- style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|690 Gen V(?)
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|2016-
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|693
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|75N⋅m (55lb⋅ft)
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|54kW (73hp)
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|40.8kg (90 lbs) 
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|1.32 kW/kg (0.811 HP/lb)
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|
| style="height: 15px;" data-mce-style="height: 15px;"|We got 68hp and 47lb⋅ft 
|- style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Rotax
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|DS450
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|449
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Polytechnique Montreal
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|ATV motor
|- style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Suzuki
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|LTR450
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"|Air Force
| style="height: 18px;" data-mce-style="height: 18px;"| 
|}

==Two Cylinder Engines==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|Make
!|Model 
!|Year
!|Displacement [cc] 
!|Peak Torque 
!|Peak Power 
!|Weight 
!|Power to Weight Ratio 
!|School(s)
!|Notes 
|-
|Aprilia
|450 SXV
|
|
|
|
|
|
|York College
| 
|-
|Briggs and Stratton
|Vanguard V-Twin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Tennessee Tech
|[[Industrial Motors|Industrial engine]]
|-
|Honda
|CBR500RR
|
|474
|
|
|
|
|Bradley University
| 
|-
|Kawasaki
|Ninja 650
|2006-
|649
|64N⋅m (47lb⋅ft)
|53 kW (71hp)
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|Yamaha 
|YZF-R3 
|
|321
|29.6 Nm 
(21.8 lb-ft)
|31 kW 
(42 lb-ft)
|40 kg 
(88 lb)
|0.775 kW/kg 
(0.48 HP/lb)
|U of North Dakota, U of Texas - Arlington
|Weight includes some factory hoses. 
|-
|Genesis 80FI
| 
|499
|
|
|
| 
|U of Michigan - Dearborn
|Parallel twin, used for snowmobiles
|}

==Three Cylinder Engines==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Make
!Model 
!Year
!Displacement [cc] 
!Peak Torque 
!Peak Power 
!Weight 
!Power to Weight Ratio 
!School(s)
!Notes 
|-
|Triumph 
|675 Daytona 
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|San Jose State, Rutgers(not currently) 
| 
|}

==Four Cylinder Engines==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!|Make
!|Model 
!|Year
!|Displacement [cc] 
!|Peak Torque 
!|Peak Power 
!|Weight 
!|Power to Weight Ratio 
!|School(s)
!|Notes 
|-
| rowspan="5"|Honda
|CBR 600F4i
|2001-2006 
(there are 2 iterations in there)
| rowspan="5"|599
|
|
|~61 kg (~135 lbs)
|
|Used by many teams 
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|CBR 600RR 
|2003-2006
|
|
|
|
|
|not sure if anyone runs an RR this old, but hey fair game
|-
|2007-2008
|66 Nm (48.7 lb-ft)
|88 kW (118 HP)
|62 kg (137 lb)
|1,42 W/g (0.86 HP/lb)
|Used by many teams 
|weight includes oil 
|-
|2009-2012
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
| 
|-
|2013-2017
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
| 
|-
|Kawasaki
|Ninja ZX6R 
|2012-2018
|636
|
|
|
|
|U of Nebraska - Lincoln
| 
|-
| rowspan="2"|Suzuki
| rowspan="2"|GSX-R600
|2001-2003
| rowspan="2"|599
| 
| 
| 
| 
|University of Arizona
|
|-
|??-??
|
|
|
|
|
|lighter transmission
|-
|Yamaha 
|R6 
|2003-2005
|599 
| 
| 
|52 kg (115 lb)
| 
|TU Dortmund, Uni Stuttgart, UAS Kempten, UAS Aachen
|Weight without fluids 
|}

==Greater than Four Cylinder Engines==
Although technically feasible, no OEM engines that are less than 710cc have more than 4 cylinders; so to have more than 4 cylinders would require either a custom crankshaft on a larger engine, or a completely custom engine block. Western Washington University built a custom V8 engine for their 2001 car, and are the only team to have had more than four cylinders.

[[category:Internal Combustion]]

List of Engines

2020-05-19T23:38:20Z

Toaster:

Intake

2020-05-19T23:35:07Z

Toaster:

The '''intake''' system has a dominant effect on the torque curve and behavior of the powertrain system. All air used by the engine(s) for combustion must pass through a 20 mm or 19 mm opening for gasoline or E85 fueled vehicles respectively, commonly referred to as a 'restrictor'. For naturally aspirated engines, this restriction limits the maximum power output from the engine to about 120 hp [link restrictor calcs].
==Basic Theory==
[[File:MiscIntake.JPG|right|middle|thumb|Intake system diagram]]The intake system's purpose is to direct ambient air to your [[Engine|engine]]'s air intake. On more traditional road cars and unrestricted race cars, the throttle is generally placed at the inlet of your intake runner (probably should have a source) to promote fast engine response. However, allowing a manifold between the restrictor and throttle body will limit the effects of the restriction(citation). This is negated in FSAE by preventing a large volume (plenum/manifold, intercooler, etc.) prior to the throttle body. The order of system components defined by rules can be seen in the figure right and each component is discussed further down this page.
==Intake Design==
not sure if good order, WIP
===Structure===
jargon can go here

the intake is typically composed of:
* Throttle
* Restrictor
* Plenum
* Manifold/Runners
* Mounting
Following the path the air follows as it enters the engine, the naturally aspirated intake system is made of the following components: the air filter, the throttle body, the restrictor, the plenum, the manifold, and the engine mounting. The air filter's sole responsibility is to stop water or particulates from entering the engine, these could cause engine damage or even failure. The throttle body allows for driver modulation of mass air flow into the engine, there-by controling engine torque and speed. The plenum acts as a capacitor to smooth air flow into the cylinders and can be tuned to increase volumetric efficiency[citation needed]. The manifold consists of runners that channel air from the plenum into each cylinder. On a port-fuel-injected setup, the fuel injectors will insert fuel into the airstream at the bottom end of the runners. The mounting of the runners to the engine provides structural support to the entire intake system.
===Material Choice===

* Metal
** aluminum
** ?
* Plastic
** 3D printed
*** Nylon
*** Nylon w gf
*** ?
** Other?
* Composite

===Packaging===
[[File:Intake and fuel packaging.PNG|right|middle|thumb|I.C.1.2 Packaging Restrictions]]
* top/center feed
** conical spline i would posit is a type of top/center
* side feed
* ? does anyone not do these two?
* http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.582.6654&rep=rep1&type=pdf referenced in plenum section
[[File:Intake form factors.PNG|right|middle|thumb|Intake Form Factors]]

===Temperature Considerations===
 
==Intake Tuning==
(I dont know where this should go: The intake manifold typically runs from the plenum to the cylinder heads / air intake ports on the engine. It's design can be adjusted to increase performance using the tuning methods below. The manifold also contains ports for the fuel injectors. (i think this is a great place for it, maybe a section about intake structure above this to clear up all the terminology? -simon)

Maybe make an intake system terminology section? I agree though, probably better to have more than less information

{{#evt:service=youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-l7o64Tc5hk|alignment=right}}

Tuning takes two forms for the intake manifold: the first is in modifying the length of the manifold (ram tuning) and the second is in modifying the shape of the manifold (including Helmholtz resonators).
===Ram Tuning===
The basic principle behind ram tuning is that a cylinder intakes air at a particular frequency, i.e. a cylinder only takes in air for a quarter of a four stroke cycle, meaning that there is a stop-starting of the flow of air into the cylinder. This occurs at a frequency dependent on the rpm of the engine, hence ram tuning is done to optimize performance at a selected rpm. The way in which it is implemented is to modify the length of the manifold such that the pressure wave formed on each cycle travels along the manifold and is reflected back, arriving just as the cylinder completes the cycle and takes in its next lot of air. This means that the pressure at the inlet will be higher whenever the engine needs air, giving better volumetric efficiency for the engine.The parameters to adjust regarding ram tuning is the diameter and length of your intake runner, in port injection applications, this is also known as the injector body.

In more complex ram tuning applications, actuated baffles can be created to vary engine torque curve. This is done on many production cars to allow different behavior at low and high RPM.
====Trade-Offs====
=====Pros=====

* Relatively simple system
* Allows for movement of your torque curve 

=====Cons=====

* Simulations are often inaccurate and may require on vehicle testing to confirm optimal performance
* Can only tune to one optimal frequency, unless baffles are integrated

===Helmholtz Resonators===
Helmholtz resonators work by having a thin neck followed by an open cavity attached to the engine's intake. Their design result in low pressure at the neck, sucking in more air, and resulting in higher pressure air in the cavity, which can then feed the engine. Both ram tuning and Helmholtz resonators are simple methods to increase engine efficiency. Helmholtz resonators are most effective in single cylinder systems, as the flow through the intake can be dominated by pulsed flow characteristics at high rpms [citation definitely needed]
====Trade-Offs====
====Mounting====
==Plenum==

* why we have plunem
* sizing considerations
* shape/ form factor?
** conical spline
** http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.582.6654&rep=rep1&type=pdf source for intake shapes
** dual plenum
** variable volume

==Throttle Control==
{{Main|Throttle}}
The throttle allows modulation of the air coming into your intake system. Within FSAE, the throttle must fall between your restrictor and manifold or, in boosted applications, between the turbocharger/supercharger and manifold. Throttle designs include actuation by throttle cable or by electronic throttle body (ETC or drive-by-wire).

==Restrictor Power Limit Derivation==
The competition requires all air entering the engine to first pass through a 20mm diameter hole. This restrictor places a theoretical upper limit on the power that can be generated by a naturally aspirated engine. The upper limit is derived using the general [https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/mflchk.html equation] for ideal compressible gas flow:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|A 
|Area 
|-
|R 
|Gas Constant 
|-
|<math>T_t</math> 
|Total Temperature 
|-
|<math>\gamma</math> 
|Specific Heat Ratio 
|-
|M 
|Mach number 
|-
|<math>P_t</math>
|Total Pressure 
|}
 
<math>\dot{m} = \frac{A*p_t}{\sqrt{T_t}}*\sqrt{\frac{\gamma}{R}}*M*(1+\frac{\gamma-1}{2}*M^2)^{-\frac{\gamma+1}{2(\gamma-1)}}</math> when M becomes 1, the flow is considered choked. The equation becomes: 
<math>\dot{m} = \frac{A*p_t}{\sqrt{T_t}}\sqrt{\frac{\gamma}{R}}(1+\frac{\gamma-1}{2})^{-\frac{\gamma+1}{2(\gamma-1)}}</math> With some basic assumed values at sea level, the maximum mass air flow through the restrictor can be found: 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|A 
|3.14 e-4 
|m^2
|-
|R 
|0.286 
|kJ/kg-K
|-
|<math>T_t</math> 
|300 
|K
|-
|<math>\gamma</math> 
|1.4 
|
|-
|M 
|1 
|
|-
|<math>P_t</math>
|101.325
|kPa
|}
[citation needed for above values?] Plugging these into the equation above yields a steady state mass flow rate of 0.074 kg air per second If we assume an AFR of 13.1 (typical lambda for high torque for NA engines[citation needed]), and a QLHV of 46 MJ/kg [citation needed], the mass air flow yields a power limit of 265.5 kW or 356 hp total energy output. If the thermal efficiency of the engine is assumed to be a nominal 33%, the maximum available mechanical power is 88.5 kW or 118 horsepower with 100% volumetric efficiency. probably should have the answer for E85 as well? This limit can be exceeded by increasing the upstream pressure to greater than 1 atmosphere. This pressure increase is called forced induction.
==Forced Induction==
Forced induction is done by utilizing a compressor to increase the pressure seen in your manifold/plenum, leading to increased engine power and efficiency. This is accomplished by the higher manifold pressures being able to force more air into the cylinder/s on each intake stroke. The increased air in the cylinder means you can burn more fuel and maintain the same air-fuel-ratio. A denser charge will also combust faster, yielding greater energy utilization and efficiency. Common methods of implementing forced induction is by turbocharging, supercharging, or procharging. Within FSAE, a fair number of teams run forced induction, but the majority remain naturally aspirated. [citation?, not sure how to cite that I saw like 5/100 at competition in Michigan and Lincoln, maybe the competition handbooks?| i can go through my FSAE MI 2018 handbook this weekend, but its only 120 teams, out of the hundreds in the world, maybe a FB and reddit poll? Going through the competition pamphlet is useless, most teams don't list if theyre boosting]
===Turbocharging===
====Theory====
[[File:Turbo Diagram.gif|right|middle|thumb|Turbo system diagram]]A turbocharger works by compressing intake air by harvesting waste enthalpy, traditionally discarded, from the exhaust. The general flow of air through a turbocharged system can be seen to the right. Theoretically, the higher plenum pressure you can run, the more power you can extract from your engine package. One limiting factor is self-detonation of the charge or knock. The liability to knock is based upon many factors, including but not limited to, fuel choice, fuel injection location, and compression ratio.
=====Cooling Charge Air=====
The charge air cooler, also known as an intercooler, is designed to lower your charge air temperature. The intake air temperature increases due to compression, according to the [https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/compth.html equation] for compressor pressure ratio.

<math>(P_2/P_1)=(T_2/T_1)^{\gamma/(\gamma-1)}</math>

Gamma is 1.4 for dry air. This equation must be used with absolute pressure and temperature. <math>P_2/P_1</math>is also known as pressure ratio. For example, a pressure ratio of two (1 atm to 2 atm) will lead to a 20% increase in intake air temperature. This means for an inlet temperature of 20C, your plenum temperature will be approximately 85C. If you run low boost, the need for an intercooler may be able to be avoided. Alternatively, injecting E85 upstream of the runner to cool the air via the evaporation may be feasible. This is only done due to the high latent heat of evaporation and low evaporation temperature for E85. This method is beneficial as it provides cooling and well mixed air fuel mixture. However, this method requires an extremely careful tune otherwise your plenum is liable to turn into shrapnel.
=====Blow Off Valve=====
The purpose of a blow off valve (BOV) is to control your plenum/manifold pressure and prevent excess boost. This works in conjunction with a wastegate to manage plenum pressure to your desired pressure.
====Trade-Offs====
===Supercharging/Procharging===
ETS pls
====Theory====
====Trade-Offs====
===Drum Chargers===
p sure no one has done it in fsae, but they're out there and meme-worthy enough for a paragraph
===Forced Induction Manifold Designs===
[[Category: Internal Combustion]]

For Turbos:

Connecting the intake and exhaust manifolds
* Over the top
* Around the side
* I dont think anyones gone under the engine but im not willing to put money on it
avoid heating intake with exhaust headers

intercooler placement, mounting, (maybe do this in the cooling section?)

Engine Control

2020-05-19T23:25:46Z

Toaster: Toaster moved page Engine control to Engine Control

==Theory==
===Passive===
It is possible to run an engine without an engine control module.
Wasted spark such as yamaha wr450 before 2010
cbr is carb stock
===Active===
control spark - timing
control fuel - timing, duration (can't really change angle or placement so we put that under fuel system design, not here)
control air - throttle
control temperature - radiator redirect valve, fan control
control valve timing, valve lift (not electronically tunable, but still control, i'd be willing to put this under intake if that's a better place)
==Tuning==
Engine tuning is the idea of changing the inputs to the engine to achieve a desired goal. The inputs available to tune depend on the engine control strategy. Usually this goal is peak engine torque at every operating condition. The two main inputs used to tune the engine are when charge ignition timing by changing the timing of the spark and quantity of fuel injected by changing the duration that the fuel injector is open. These two inputs are changed depending on the engine operating point: the torque requested (load) and the rotational speed of the engine. The spark timing and fuel duration will each form a 3D surface when plotted against speed and load. (pic)
===Engine Control Strategies===
====Alpha-n====
The most common engine control strategy (at least in fsae, not sure about the galaxy brains across the pond) is alpha-n. Alpha-n tune uses the throttle position angle (<math> \alpha </math> ) to approximate engine load. Use of throttle position to approximate engine load requires ("""""requires""""" we all know most of us dont do this as much as we should lol) compensation for barometric pressure changes. 
=====Advantages=====
=====Drawbacks=====
====Speed-Density====
There is also speed-density.
=====Advantages=====
=====Drawbacks=====
====MAF Control====
Not sure if there's a fancy name for maf control, not sure if anyone uses it either.
=====Advantages=====
=====Drawbacks=====

==Theory==
===Dithering===
need to make this clearer
Since the engine torque output is a non-linear function of many variables, and the resultant surface isn't analytically determinate, the torque surface is navigated by dithering. This involves running the engine on a dynamometer and, for each engine control variable, taking small steps in a direction and determining the effect the small step has on the torque. If the result is a decrease in torque, another direction is pursed. By chasing the direction of increasing torque for every operating condition, the engine control is optimized. this is just one big gradient ascent, but very badass.
===Open vs. Closed Loop Tuning===
open loop tuning is doing it yourself, run the engine and check the outputs. closed loop tuning is usually done to a specific lambda and is handled by the ECM.
===Dynamometer===
see [[:System Testing]]

should have its own page also

===Spark Tuning===
* mbt
[diagram of spark timing on torque]
* Knock is typically not an issue with a stock 4cyl. Not sure how to convey in 10 years of this I have never seen or heard evidence of it.

===Fuel Tuning===
* duration
** lbt
* timing

===Tuning for Startup===
give it a little gaz to get 'er going

===Tuning for Idle===

* Run lean, at least in the case of the 4cyls they do not seem to mind being 15+ [citation needed] 
* Stock CBR idles at ~900RPM, rare that fsae cars run that low [citation needed]
* Idle air controllers are huge for accurate idle control. [citation needed]
* Sharp pickup on throttle tip-in
* limited spark advance - dont want engine to pick up, keep it stable
* "torque well"
* efficiency - don't waste gas
* idle noise limit

===Tuning For Quick Rev===
==Closed v open loop engine control==

* short term factors
* long term factors
* place in motorsport

=Data and Data Collection=
[link to daq and electronics]
==Data used to run the engine==
(please someone come up with a better title for this section - simon) (needed if not running wasted spark)
* cam sync sensor is needed to determine crank/valve angle - fire spark and fuel on every other rotation
* determine place on fuel/spark map
** load (alpha, map, maf)
** rpm

==Compensations==
* IAT - cooler air is denser and allows for more fuel burn, denser charge may need different spark advance
* map (for alpha-n) - map allows for delays b/w throttle actuation and change in how much air is in intake system, esp with larger plenums, or extreme throttle changes (dump for accel, or complete lift-off)
* coolant temp - warm engine runs more better (afaik fuel vaporization and i know there's other stuff i dont know) but not too hot, can tune to dump fuel to cool engine if its close to overheating though not
* TPS rate compensation for slamming or lift-offs
recommended bc its not efficient

==stuff you should get so you can figure out wth ur doing==
(safety stuff?)
* oil pressure - low op means stop
* coolant temp - if its boiling, stop, regulation calls for water which boils at 212 (at normal altitudes @colorado)
==cool data so you can do custom engine stuff==
* cylinder pressure
* knock sensor (cyl pressure can handle this if you have it)
* fuel flow meter
* cyl temperature

I'm sure there's stuff im forgetting
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]

Engine control

2020-05-19T23:25:46Z

Toaster: Toaster moved page Engine control to Engine Control

#REDIRECT [[Engine Control]]

Composite

2020-05-19T23:17:57Z

Toaster:

A composite is a material which is composed of two physically distinct and mechanically separable phases. One material serves as the fiber while a second serves as the matrix.

==Composite Manufacturing==
Manufacturing of composite is an essential factor which should be considered when design composite components. The type of material, the form of material, mold design and processing method are all factors that need to be considered.
===Prepreg===
====Curing====
Ramp

Dwell

Cool down

===Dry Weave===
====Resin Infusion====
Resin is provided succ to flow through the dry weave

====Wetlay====
Resin is applied, usually by pouring

[[Category:Materials]]

Compliance

2020-05-19T23:17:04Z

Toaster:

Compliance is the inverse of stiffness. It might seem a bit backwards at first, but perhaps becomes more intuitive when you consider "compliance budgets" (mainly considered in vehicle dynamics/suspension, but occasionally applicable to other systems).

==Compliance Calculation Applied to Suspension==
For example, every tire has an ideal camber angle for maximum lateral force generation. However, as force is generated the suspension will strain and deform, so this angle cannot be realistically maintained. It follows then that in addition to targeting a specific angle, it is also wise to define a maximum tolerable deviation from this angle (or rather a maximum tolerable grip loss), or a maximum "compliance" in the suspension, e.g. 1° at 1G lateral. This angle can then be further divided into the various components of the suspension e.g. 0.1° in the upright, 0.05° in the bearings, 0.1° in the hub and 0.2° in the rim etc. Now we have a concrete target for the respective components to be judged against.

Naturally we generally want to minimise suspension compliance, but as with everything, this cannot be done without compromises (e.g increased weight).

==Example of Compliance Minimisation==
A popular type of roast on various FS forums is pictures of suspension points mounted on a tube, away from any nodes. This violates the central rule of truss structures (two-force members only, see [[Tube Frame]]) and will result in dis-proportionate amounts of compliance as the tube bends. Reacting the suspension forces at nodes will make the assembly much stiffer at minimal cost.

[[Category:Vehicle Dynamics]]

Chain Drive

2020-05-19T23:14:51Z

Toaster:

A chain and sprocket [[Drivetrain|drive system]] requires lubrication and a [[tensioner|tensioner]]. 
==Types==
===Sealed===
Sealed chains use o-rings to seal in a lubricant, great for daily driving. Also used in racing applications. Very common in motorcycle shops.
===Non-Sealed===
Non-sealed requires more frequent lubrication application and are commonly used for motocross or low mileage applications.

Motorcycle chains vary in size; make sure the sprocket matches the chain. Choose the right chain size for the forces you expect to see. Chains can also be easily lengthened or shortened using quick release links. Sprockets are usually made of [[Steel|steel]] or [[Aluminum|aluminum]] and can replaced cheaply to change the [[Drivetrain#Final_Drive_Ratio|final drive ratio]]. As the number of teeth decrease, the sprocket will approach a polygon instead of a circle. This is called the polygon effect or chordal action and results in a variation in speed output (Imagine driving on square wheels).[http://chain-guide.com/basics/2-2-1-chordal-action.html]
==Failure Modes==
If there is excessive sprocket wear, improperly installed quick release, no lubricant, or if the chain drive is not all in the same plane there WILL be a failure. Chain failures can be extremely dangerous for both the vehicle and nearby people. (more on failure modes/design flaws?) +No slip possible in chain drive without failure [https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3058#Chain%20Drive%20Advantages]
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Battery pack

2020-05-19T23:12:51Z

Toaster:

==Introduction==
Safety & reliability should rank pretty high in design criteria as it's impossible to win a competition with a car who caught fire.
==Cell selection==
The selection process of a lithium-ion/lithium-polymer cell is highly dependent on the application it is being used for. Thus, before even starting battery design, it is crucial to understand the battery operating conditions. A light car with 2WD would requires less power than a heavy 4WD with wings. Generally speaking, there is a trade-off between cell energy density (Wh/kg) and cell power density (W/kg). It is then possible to compare the performance of two cell chemistries using lap simulation: there are cases where a higher specific energy cell is optimal, and others where high specific power is.
===Cans vs pouches===
Lithium cells come the most often in cylindrical cans format (i.e. 18650) or in soft metal-plastic pouches. It is easier to design a safe battery pack with cylindrical cells as each cells are protected in a hard shell that protects them from accidental perforation. Cylindrical cells tend to offer higher energy density, while pouches tend to offer higher power density. Cylindrical cells can be spot welded together with fairly inexpensive equipment, while pouches can be connected together by ultrasonic welding, laser welding, or mechanical assembly (rivets, nuts&bolts, ...). While cylindrical cells are typically found in small capacities ( < 4 Ah ), pouches can be found in high capacities ( > 10 Ah), greatly reducing the complexity of assembly of a battery pack, since fewer cells are required to meet the battery pack energy requirement.
====Pouches====
Pouches offer better heat dissipation than other type of cells, but their flexible and thin enveloppe make them prone to perforation or crushing. Some pouches have tabs on the same edge, some, on opposite edges. Opposite edge tabs allow better heat dissipation, but make packaging more complex. They stack easily, using most of the available space. The cells edges are fragile: treat them with care. It is preferable to ask the cell manufacturer to have the edges taped. Most pouches will ignite in case of a nail penetration. One way to reduce the risk it would ignite is to improve the cooling of the cell. As an example, using sheets of metal between cells would spread the heat (and evacuate it out of the cell).
====Cans====
Cans can be cylindrical or prismatic. They are typically safer than pouches, since they are are valve regulated and benefits from a hard shell, reducing their perforation and crushing risk. However, it is generally harder to cool them down. Cylindrical cans also have a lower packing factor than prismatic cells leading to an effectively reduced volumetric density. However, the process of cylindrical cell fabrication is so well honed that battery packs made with state of the art cylindrical cans compare in terms of metrics with battery packs made with state of the art pouches. Cans usually also contain a positive thermal coefficient (PTC) resistor that can protect the cell in case of a short circuit. However, this protection is usually not rated for high voltage packs, can could actually ignite a fire, in a high voltage pack. Cans also can ignite when perforated. Wrapping cells with a phase change material (PCM) is one of the solutions that have been developed to absorb heat in a thermal event, reducing the odds to create a cascade event.
===Cells capacity vs safety===
At the cell level, a smaller capacity cell is safer than a higher capacity cell: a small capacity cell may not store enough energy to generate a thermal runaway. However, it is false to assume that a huge capacity pouch is more dangerous than a couple of low capacity cells put in parallel. High capacity cells are made under extremely high quality control, while low capacity 18650s are not: it's more cash efficient to discard under performing these cells. Discarding a 240 Ah cell would be extremely costly for a manufacturer. Also, high capacity cells include various safety techniques (including internal self fusing) which intent is to prevent a problematic layer of the cell to make the cell enter a thermal runway.
==Packaging==
==Possible causes of a thermal runway==
==What to do in case of a battery fire==
==How to properly use a battery pack==
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Battery Management Systems

2020-05-19T23:11:31Z

Toaster:

==Cell Balancing Methods==
===Active Cell Balancing===
===Passive Cell Balancing===
==Safety and Monitoring==
As lithium and some other battery chemistries can be quote volatile when outside of their operating range, it is important of a battery management system to be able to sufficiently measure properties like temperature and voltage of individual cells. This data can also be used to feed algorithms that provide insight like state-of-charge estimation.
===Typical Cell Safe Operating Ranges===

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="height: 17.1719px;"
| style="height: 17.1719px;"|Chemistry
| style="height: 17.1719px;"|Min Voltage
| style="height: 17.1719px;"|Max Voltage
| style="height: 17.1719px;"|Discharge Temperature
| style="height: 17.1719px;"|Charge Temperature
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="height: 16px;"|Li-Po
| style="height: 16px;"|3.0V
| style="height: 16px;"|4.2V
| style="height: 16px;"|10°C ~55°C
| style="height: 16px;"|5°C ~ 45°C
|- style="height: 16px;"
| style="height: 16px;"|LiFePO4
| style="height: 16px;"|3.0V
| style="height: 16px;"|3.6V
| style="height: 16px;"|-20°C ~ 60°C 
| style="height: 16px;"|0 ~ 55°C 
|}

===Temperature Measurement===
As per FS rules and industry good practice, a significant number of cells should have their temperature measured often to ensure safety preventing such events like thermal runaway from occurring.

Typically this is done by placing a thermistor on the negative terminal of the cell with a thermally conductive, but electrically insulative material in-between for purposes of isolation.
===Voltage Measurement===
To ensure cells are not being over charged or discharged, accurate voltage measurement of each cell is needed. The battery management system only needs to measure each series connected cell as parallel connected cells will always have the same voltage potential.
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Rotary Position Sensor

2020-05-19T23:10:28Z

Toaster:

Rotary position sensors are used to track the rotational position of a shaft. This can be either absolute or relative position.

==Terms==

===Relative Position===

===Absolute Position===

===Multi-turn===

===Resolution===

===Accuracy===

===Repeatability===

==Potentiometer==
The inside of a potentiometer is a three terminal resistor. A resistive pad is connected between two terminals while a wiper connects between this pad and the last terminal. The wiper's position on the pad is controlled by the input shaft. As the wiper moves, the resistance measured from a pad terminal to the wiper terminal changes. In some applications, this resistance is directly used to control circuits. However, a potentiometer can be used as a controllable voltage divider by applying a voltage across the pad's terminals and measuring the voltage across a pad terminal to the wiper terminal. If the wiper terminal is connected to a load, the resultant output voltage can change, but for minimal loads this is typically negilible. There are limitations to the amount of power a potentiometer is capable of dissipating, so high power loads are typically not directly connected. Intermediate circuitry such as operational amplifiers or microcontrollers can take the output voltage and apply it to high power applications or convert to data for use elsewhere.

The ANSI electrical symbol is a resistor with an arrow pointing at the side, while the IEC electrical symbol is a box with an arrow pointing at the side. '''(TODO: Insert images of the symbols)'''

One issue with potentiometers is the output is not easily [[#Repeatability|repeatable]] and can easily be off by 10%[citation needed]. However, in applications where this is not a concern potentiometers make for a cheap way of rotary position measurement. A second issue stems from the mechanical connection between the pad and wiper. Over time, the wiper and pad will wear down which could affect the measurement of the potentiometer.

===Linear Output===
To provide a consistent rate of change over the range of the potentiometer, a linearly resistive pad can be used. To achieve this, the pad is consistent throughout the range of the wiper, where the resistance across a one degree distance at any point on the pad is the same. Linear output potentiometers are commonly used for position measurement.

===Logarithmic Output===
In some specialized applications a logarithmic pad is used instead. Audio applications typically use logarithmic output potentiometers for volume control which matches how audio is heard by humans.

==Encoder==

Encoders typically output a digital signal.

===Hall-effect===

Uses a magnet to detect the rotation of a shaft.

===Optical===

Similar to [[#Hall-effect|Hall-effect]] encoders, but using optics instead.

====Transmissive====

====Reflective====

===Analog===

Produces a signal similar to a resolver. Also known as a sin-cos encoder.

===Capacitive===

===Inductive===

==Resolver==

Can have multiple poles. Analog signal signal output.

==Linear Variable Differential Transformer==

Very similar to a resolver where a core moves in a field applied by primary coil. This is then transferred to two output coils where the amplitude of the signal changes based on the core's position.

==Linear Variable Inductance Transducer==

Operates by measuring the change in inductance as an iron core moves in and out of a coil.
[[Category:Data Acquisition]]

Tensioner

2020-05-19T23:08:14Z

Toaster:

A tensioner is a device that applies force to maintain tension. They are used to reduce slack created in [[Chain Drive|chain drive]] and belt drive mechanisms.
=Shims=
design judges HATE him, most structurally sound, most smoothbrain, likely the lightest -assembly +weight -get laughed at by design judges bc they are all biased against it smh my head 
=Idler=
=Eccentric=
big brain time +rigidity +infinite adjustability if using friction (may slip) -design complexity -limited finite number of tensioning options if using shear pins
=Turnbuckle=
-play -wear -packaging -rigidity[citation needed] +infinite adjustability can be done w coarse/fine pitch instead of handedness (i completely forgot what the name is for this kind of turnbuckle, but they have less wear/play [citation needed] but allow a smaller range of motion)
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Electric Motors

2020-05-19T23:05:03Z

Toaster:

To propel an electric vehicle, electricity must be converted to mechanical force. Electric motors use current flowing through wires to create magnetic fields that interact with other magnetic fields in the motor to create motion.
==DC Motors==
DC motors are electro-mechanical machines which take DC inputs to generate torque. These machines include Brushed DC, Brushless DC machines (BLDC), and homopolar machines among others. While some use mechanical commutators like brushes, some DC machines commutate electrically based on the rotor position.
===Brushed DC Motor===
Brushed DC Motors are the conventional hobbyist motor and come in two main varieties: Permanent Magnet Based (PMDC) and Field-Winding Based (FWDC). They use mechanical brushes to commutate the the flow of current through the rotor to generate a torque. Because of this, they are easy to control, and do not require a position sensor to track the rotation of the motor. For the PMDC machine, the flux generated by the rotor interacts with the permanent magnet flux to generate torque. For the FWDC machine, the permanent magnets are replaced by another set of coils which generate the stator flux. This allows the machines to operate at high speeds using flux weakening techniques.

For FSAE applications, Brushed DC machines can reduce system complexity; however, at higher power levels, these machines have low efficiencies and must have regular maintenance of brushes. In addition, these machines have relatively low torque and power density which can increase system mass and cause packaging issues. For these reasons, they are not commonly used in FSAE powertrains.
===Brushless DC Motor===
Brushless DC motors (BLDC) are another form of DC machines that commutate electrically (i.e. without brushes). BLDC machines typically consist of a rotor with permanent magnets and a stator which is wound such that the EMF has a trapezoidal shape. While the structure shares many similarities with the AC Synchronous machines, the distinction is in the control methodology and corresponding winding structure.

Rather than using a high resolution control algorithm like Field Oriented Control, BLDC motors use a heavily discretized, six-step control method. This is implemented by commanding a DC voltage (averaged through PWM) through two of the motor phases based on the rotor position. This is implemented by Hall Effect sensors embedded in the machine which determine which of the six possible phases to regulate current in.

In addition to the Hall Effect sensor used for commutation, BLDC motors often use an [[Rotary Position Sensor#Encoder|encoder]] to track the rotational position and velocity of the motor for control purposes.

BLDC motors are advantageous for their high torque density (higher than SMPM machines); however, the six-step method generates a large amount of torque ripple which reduces efficiency. BLDC machines also cannot flux weaken with conventional techniques, so problems can arise at higher speeds if voltage limited.
==AC Synchronous Motors==
AC Synchronous Machines a class of machines characterized by the fact that their rotor flux is synchronous with the rotor angle. These category includes surface mount (SMPM), synchronous reluctance (synRel), and interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines among others. These machines use PM or mutual torque along with reluctance torque to generate torque over a wide speed range. AC Synchronous machines also have sinusoidal EMFs due to their winding distribution. These machines typically use high performance control aglorithms like Field Oriented Control which require a high resolution position sensors like a [[Rotary Position Sensor#Resolver|resolver]].

===Surface Mount Permanent Magnet Machines===
Surface mount permanent magnet machines (SMPM or SMPMSM) are the most straight-forward type of synchronous machines. The AC stator consists of three phase wired in either a WYE or Delta configuration and usually has a sinusoidal winding distribution to achieve a sinusoidal Back-EMF. The rotor contains permanent magnets which are fixed on the surface of the rotor iron.

[[File:Cross-section-of-SPM-motor.png|right|middle|thumb|Four pole SMPM Machine Cross Section <ref name="Wang"> Wang, Yawei & Bianchi, N. & Bolognani, Silverio & Alberti, Luigi. (2017). Synchronous motors for traction applications. 1-8. 10.23919/EETA.2017.7993210. </ref> ]]

Because the permeability of the magnets is close to air, the ideal SMPM has no rotor saliency and therefore no reluctance torque. The resultant torque expression is dependent solely on the current orthogonal to the rotor flux. I.E The only current that produces torque in the machine is that which generates a magnetic field in the quadrature axis in the rotor reference frame. The resultant torque expression is below.

<math>

\tau = \frac{3Np}{4}\Lambda_{PM}I_q^r

</math>

Where...

<math>Np</math> = Number of Motor Poles

<math>\Lambda_{PM}</math> = Permanent Magnet Flux Linkage

<math>I_q^r</math> = Quadrature Current in rotor reference frame

For FSAE, SMPMs are good choice because of their high torque density and efficiency. At low speeds SMPM machines can also achieve unity power factor which is ideal when the vehicle is power limited. Using Field oriented control, SMPM's can flux-weaken as well to achieve higher speeds. Depending on the inductance of the machine, can achieve constant power after a certain speed. One problem with the SMPM design is that at high speeds the magnets experience high amounts of tensile stress. Because of non-idealities in the magnetic material, this stress worsens the performance of the material and inhibits high speed operation. This is not usually a problem for FSAE vehicles however.

===Synchronous Reluctance Machines===
[[File:Syn rel reference frames.png|right|middle|thumb|Four Pole PM Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine <ref name="SynRelIMG"> Bianchi, N. & Bolognani, Silverio & Bon, Diego & Pre, Michele. (2009). Rotor Flux-Barrier Design for Torque Ripple Reduction in Synchronous Reluctance and PM-Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motors. Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on. 45. 921 - 928. 10.1109/TIA.2009.2018960. </ref>]]

Rather than using permanent magnets, Synchronous Reluctance (SynRel) Machines rely on the magnetic saliency of the rotor to generate a reluctance torque. The rotors of these machines have complex flux barriers cut out of the rotor lamination to achieve these salient poles. These machines are not as common as there SMPM counterparts, but they allow easy control of the flux in the machine. Because they do not contain permanent magnets, they are often thought of as the synchronous analogy to induction machines. Furthermore, a variation of SynRel machines, Switched Reluctance Machines, are often thought of as BLDC Machines are to SMPM machines.

<math>

\tau = \frac{3Np}{4}(L_d - L_q)I_d^rI_q^r

</math>

Where...

<math>Np</math> = Number of Motor Poles

<math>L_q</math> = Quadrature Axis Inductance in rotor reference frame

<math>L_d</math> = Direct Axis Inductance in rotor reference frame

<math>I_q^r</math> = Quadrature Axis Current in rotor reference frame

<math>I_d^r</math> = Direct Axis Current in rotor reference frame

As previously stated, SynRel machines complex flux barriers that generate salient poles in the rotor. While this allows for easy control of machine's flux levels, the flux barriers can cause large mechanical stress concentrations which can cause problems for high torque applications. With that said, these machines can still achieve high levels of efficiency and have started to become more common place. Specifically, variations like the switched reluctance machine have been used in some electric vehicle applications despite their noise and torque ripple issues.

===Interior Permanent Magnet Machines===
Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM or IPMSM) Machines are newer type of synchronous machine that embed the rotor magnets in the rotor iron. There are several different types of IPM machines including inset, embedded, spoke, etc. Because the magnets which have a low incremental permeability are embedded in the highly permeable rotor iron, IPM machines a substantial rotor saliency. IPM machines, therefore, can use both permanent magnet and reluctance torque.

[[File:IPM cross section.png|right|middle|thumb|Four Pole IPM Cross Section <ref name="IPM_Machine">Sim, Hyun-Woo & Lee, June-Seok & Lee, Kyo-Beum. (2014). On-line Parameter Estimation of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using an Extended Kalman Filter. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology. 9. 10.5370/JEET.2014.9.2.600. </ref>]]

<math>

\tau = \frac{3Np}{4}((L_d - L_q)I_d^r+\Lambda_{PM})I_q^r

</math>

Where...

<math>Np</math> = Number of Motor Poles

<math>\Lambda_{PM}</math> = Permanent Magnet Flux Linkage

<math>L_q</math> = Quadrature Axis Inductance in rotor reference frame

<math>L_d</math> = Direct Axis Inductance in rotor reference frame

<math>I_q^r</math> = Quadrature Axis Current in rotor reference frame

<math>I_d^r</math> = Direct Axis Current in rotor reference frame

IPM machines are advantageous for multiple reasons. First, because the magnets are embedded in the rotor, the magnets see predominately compressive forces rather than tensile in SMPM designs at high speeds. Because high performance magnets can withstand higher compressive forces than tensile, IPM motors can typically run at higher speeds than SMPM machines. Second, because of IPM's saliency and large inductance's, these machines can easily flux weaken and achieve constant power over a wide speeds range.

==AC Asynchronous Motors==
==References==
<references />

[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Thread:Talk:References/Delete this?

2020-05-19T20:09:17Z

Toaster: New thread: Delete this?

I think this should be a category, not a single page.

Talk:References

2020-05-19T20:09:17Z

Toaster: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Rudd's Rules

2020-05-19T20:07:50Z

Toaster:

==SURVIVAL RULES (YOURS AND THE DRIVERS)==

# The keywords are elegant simplicity. Each part doing three jobs at least.
# The objective is to win the race. Remember, the car has to finish and a tired, blistered driver won’t help.
# Car must be designed so that a pre-race check can be carried out completely by one man in six hours. Rectification or readjustment is extra.
# Pre-race check sheet is supplied to the operator. With each new type of sheet, operators will add to, but may nor delete from this. Designer starts the sheet, build and development will add to it and engineering director signs it into law.
# (Anti)-roll bar, camber, wing, brake balance bar changes must be possible in five minutes and repeatable. These are no good if they cannot be identified and repeated. Avoid infinite variable screwed adjustment.
# Murphy is a racing mechanic and works for Team Lotus. If it can be assembled the wrong way around he will.
# Never design or cause to be made something that cannot be inspected. Again, never design something that cannot be seen to be safe or that needs special equipment to prove it.
# All spherical bearings need protective covers.
# You can’t change people, so make the car easy to adjust and maintain by easy access.
# A grease seal over a universal near a brake disk is better than none at all. It will fail before it gets renewed so provide a finger disk to direct the grease clear of the brake.
# Stress suspension for a 3g bump on a 2g corner.
# If the driver believes the car is strong enough it’s worth more than one second a lap. Avoid birdcage structures. All tubular structures to be 3-inch circumference. Adjust the gauge for load.
# Never use banjos on the pressure side of the fuel system.
# Never use ‘O’ rings to seal negative pressure.
# All material, including human skin, are notch sensitive – some more than others – so use appropriate radii.
# Remember, all engineering materials are rubber like. They deflect to some degree under the slightest load and will expand to some degree in the presence of even a lighted match. Everything resonates, even brake pipes.
# All flexible fuel and oil lines are to have screwed ends and armoured flexibles.
# Drivers feel corners through the seat of their pants, their heels and above all, under their armpits. Ensure seat back is 100% rigid and fits.
# Gearchange linkages wear, bend and stretch. Provide 100% over-travel clearances in all directions.
# Provide throttle pedal stop at the pedal and the return spring at the throttle slides, preferably in compression so it still works when broken.
# Remember, a frantic driver can put 250lb (113kg) on a pedal or a gearlever.
# Do not try to exceed 20ft (6.1m) per second in a water pipe, you won’t. Neither can you exceed 12ft (3.7m) per second for 30/30 oil.
# 90-degree welded bends, i.e. 45-degree scarf joints, reduce flow by 5% even if you remove internal nuggets. Double cut and shut ie 2 x 22.5-degrees, cost 2% and a 4D radius just ½%.
# Always specify the size of ball you must be able to roll down a pipe system to ensure adequate flow.
# Providing oil and fuel tank dipsticks may prevent a lost race through inaccurate consumption checks.
# Wheel deflections, camber changes and toe steer required during the no spring bump test must be specified on suspension data sheets by designer and countersigned by him when he has seen the test, and a photocopy put into the cars log book.
# Car acceptance test includes proving that the fuel system draws down to one pint (.6 litre) from five gallons (21 litres) whilst running at least at 90% of the test circuit record time.
# Don’t invent new oil tanks, use the ones proved to work. Remember the fluid that comes out of the oil coolers may look like oil, but it contains 25% by volume of air at least.
# Air leaks at the suction side of the oil pump destroy one engine per race. Keep Duckworth poor.
# Brakes recuperate better with a head of fluid above the master cylinder. Low mount the cylinder with a a high separate reservoir, with a big enough pipe. And don’t forget the scent spray. Always pressure bleed.
# Air in motion is the best heat insulator.
# If the airbox is working, there is a load of 150lb inside it and it will bulge or blow off if insecurely fastened. If insecurely fastened and it doesn’t blow off, it doesn’t work.
# You cannot change the basic laws of nature, no one has yet. Let Newton, Charles, Boyle, Bramah and Bernoulli rest in peace.
# Lightening holes should be the last resort of the designer. The most effective way of weight saving is not to start with it.
# Measured over the wheelbase, one axle restrained and lifting one corner of the opposite axle, torsional stiffness of the entire structure must exceed 2,500ft.lbs (3456Nm) per degree. The variation in stiffness per foot of wheelbase must not exceed +/- 10% or 15% between two adjacent sections otherwise fatigue failures are likely.
# Keep suction lines as short and straight and simple as possible: no rubber elbows at pump inlets.
# If there is no other way to join two components together than with bolts, remember they work by stretching between .003” and .005” per inch of length. Make sure they can do, even if you have to provide a waisted section to keep the local stretching near the elastic limit of the material. 3% nickel is best.
# Although titanium is 70% the weight and 1000% the cost of high-grade steel, it is 50% more resilient and 1000% more gall sensitive. Use it with care, after you have assessed maraging steel, which strength for strength is also 70% the weight of high-grade steel, 200% the price and just as rigid.
# Corner weight tolerances +/- 2%. Enter in the cars log book.
# The deflection of the lowest part of the wheel rim, relative to the tub centreline should not exceed the static corner weight/2000” (CW/50.8M) when 1g cornering load is applied. Neither should the camber change by more than 20 degrees during this test.
# All systems must be flow tested before the car is started. Flows required must be marked on the system’s drawings. A bucket and stopwatch is quick and accurate e.g. Fuel system must flow 250 pints/hour with 100psi pressure.
# Keep a pair of every drivers driving shoes or sole patterns, suitably labelled, in the Design Office.
# Remember cars will run with transducers on suspension travel, throttle slides, strain gauges on wishbones and wing mountings and ‘black boxes with invertors’. Bear this in mind without compromising design.
# Always weigh the car before and after paint, including signwriting. Weight increase not to exceed .05%.
# Racing cars get out of line. Always provide and prove 30 degrees of lock so drivers can get them back. Saves one shunt per year.
# Always measure spring frequencies against specifications after no spring bump tests. Designer enters results in log book.
# All log book entries signed legibly and dated.
# Operations will not accept, neither will we offer them a car without a log book, which will show no spring bump tests, toe curves, corner weights, flow tests, tilt rig test results and contains data sheets. Losing the log book is a capital offence.
Signed '''Tony Rudd'''

<a href="https://www.formulastudent.de/pr/news/details/article/pats-final-corner-for-2010/">https://www.formulastudent.de/pr/news/details/article/pats-final-corner-for-2010/</a>
[[Category:References]]

Reference Books

2020-05-19T20:07:21Z

Toaster: Toaster moved page Reference Books to References

#REDIRECT [[References]]

Thread:Category talk:Engineering Materials/Category?

2020-05-19T11:54:21Z

Toaster: New thread: Category?

This category needs to be added to another or added to the front page, this page is hidden right now.

Category talk:Engineering Materials

2020-05-19T11:54:21Z

Toaster: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Electronics Starter Pack

2020-05-18T19:34:16Z

Toaster:

This page is for new FS-teams that want to compete primarily with a combustion engine, but it applies for all classes. This page goes through every component that is required to compete at an FS competition, possible suppliers and alternatives.==
=List of electrical components:=
'''Shutdown buttons:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|'''Component:''' 
|'''Manufacturer:''' 
|'''Mfc-number:''' 
|'''~Price [GBP]:''' 
|'''Distributor: '''
|'''Comment:'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|Emergency Stop Switch, SPST-NC, Twist to Release 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|ABB 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|1SFA619550R1041 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|15 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|[https://uk.farnell.com/abb/1sfa619550r1041/compact-emergency-stop-40mm-twist/dp/2911800?ost=1SFA619550R1041&ddkey=https:en-GB/Element14 United_Kingdom/search# Farnell]
| style="text-align: left;" data-mce-style="text-align: left;"|Rated for 127V and 1.5A
|-
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
|}

'''Inertia switch:'''

The standard inertia switch stated in the rules and can be bought from here.

'''Wires:''' 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|'''Component:''' 
|'''Manufacturer:''' 
|'''Mfc-number:''' 
|'''~Price [GBP]:''' 
|'''Distributor: '''
|'''Datasheet'''
|'''Comment:'''
|-
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|SPEC55 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|[http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/2580767.pdf? ga=2.150280944.711134994.1589829442-231751937.1587365099 SPEC55 Datasheet]
| style="text-align: left;" data-mce-style="text-align: left;"| 
|-
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|SPEC44 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"| 
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|[http://www.farnell.com/datasheets/29542.pdf? ga=2.113564609.711134994.1589829442-231751937.1587365099 SPEC44 Datasheet]
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|MILSPEC
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;" data-mce-style="text-align: center;"|
|}

See page about wires here [incert wire page]

A suggestion for wires is power wire and signal wire with two different gauges.

[[Category:Electronics]]

Thread:Talk:Hybrid Chassis/Kinda setting up an outline/reply

2020-05-18T01:34:00Z

Toaster: Reply to Kinda setting up an outline

In my opinion this page should focus on topics specific to Hybrid Chassises. We can use the other two pages (Tube Frame and Monocoque) for other topics.

Possible topics for this page might include:
*Methods for attaching the two parts
*Effects of making parts tube/composite

Body Panel

2020-05-18T01:29:05Z

Toaster:

[[Category:Body and Aero]]

Thread:Talk:Body Panel/Changing Category

2020-05-18T01:28:53Z

Toaster: New thread: Changing Category

I'm moving this page to the Body and Aero category as I think it makes more sense there