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List of FS/FSAE Competition Records

2024-07-28T18:11:14Z

Johannesla: delft acceleration fs east 2023 + correct TUG name

Everything on this page is unofficial, so take it with a grain of salt. Please no edit wars.

A lot of the info on this page was taken from [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12ioLo9yaQqad_OI_cilvSQqqRn0w3QVdseJFznmz6xU/edit?usp=sharing this spreadsheet].
==Combustion records==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Record description
!Record
!Team
!When & where
!Proof
|-
|Most overall wins
|27 
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|
|
|-
|Most overall wins in one legal year
|4
|Global Formula Racing, Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2014/2017
|
|-
|Most overall wins with one car
|4
|Global Formula Racing, Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2014/2017
|
|-
|Most overall wins in a row
|7
|Global Formula Racing
|
|
|-
|Highest score in one legal year
|4449
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2016
|
|-
|Highest score with one car
|4429
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2016 (2017 Michigan)
|
|-
|Highest score in one competition
|980.15
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|FS Spain 2015
|
|-
|Highest score in one competition's static events
|320
|Raftar Formula Racing
|Formula Bharat 2020
|[https://www.formulabharat.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Results_CV_Overall_FormulaBharat2020-2.pdf]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's dynamic events
|672.05
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|FS Spain 2015
|
|-
|Lowest skidpad time
|4.65 s
|TU Graz Racing
|FS Austria 2018
|[https://fsaustria.at/wp-content/uploads/C-Skidpad-Times-2018.pdf] 
|-
|Lowest acceleration time
|3.606 s
|Joanneum Racing Graz
|FS East (Hungary) 2019
|[https://fseast.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FS_EAST_2019_Final_Results_CV.pdf]
|-
|Lightest car at competition
|123 kg/271 lbs
|Berkeley
|FSAE Lincoln 2014
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ln_2014_result.pdf]
|-
|Lightest car at competition running in dynamic events
|123 kg/271 lbs
|Berkeley
|FSAE Lincoln 2014
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ln_2014_result.pdf]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition
|416.5 kg/918 lbs
|UAS Groningen
|FSUK 2011
|[https://www.flickr.com/photos/hanzeracingdivision/6240263216/in/dateposted/]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition running in dynamic events
|388 kg/855 lbs
|UPT Racing Team
|FS Hungary 2017
|
|}

==Electric records==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Record description
!Record
!Team
!When & where
!Proof
|-
|Most overall wins
|12
|AMZ
|
|
|-
|Most overall wins in one legal year
|4
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Most overall wins with one car
|4
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Most overall wins in a row
|5
|Unicamp E-Racing, TUfast Munich
|FSAE Brasil 2012, 2013, 2014, FSAE Electric 2013, 2014 
FSAE-A 2018, FSeast 2019, FSA 2019, FSG 2019, FSS 2019
|[http://students.sae.org/cds/formulaseries/results/] [http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/programas-estudantis/formula-sae-brasil/resultados]
|-
|Highest score in one legal year
|3740.94
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Highest score with one car
|3740.94
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Highest score in one competition
|985.4
|Unicamp E-Racing
|FSAE Electric 2013
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ev_2013_result.pdf]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's static events
|317
|TU Delft
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's dynamic events
|675
|Unicamp E-Racing
|FSAE Electric 2013
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ev_2013_result.pdf]
|-
|Lowest skidpad time
|4.355 s
|TU Graz Racing Team
|FS Austria 2024
|[https://fsaustria.at/wp-content/uploads/E_Skidpad_Times_2024_v2.pdf]
|-
|Lowest acceleration time
|2.999 s
|Formula Student Team Delft
|FS East 2023
|[https://fseast.eu/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/FS-East-2023-EV-results_1.2.pdf]
|-
|Lightest car at competition
|142.5 kg/314 lbs
|TU Wien
|FS Spain 2017
|
|-
|Lightest car at competition running in dynamic events
|142.5 kg/314 lbs
|TU Wien
|FS Spain 2017
|
|-
|Heaviest car at competition
|483.5 kg/1066 lbs
|Univ. of North Carolina - Asheville
|FSAE Electric 2023
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/student-events/results/formula-sae/fsae_ev_2023_results.pdf]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition running in dynamic events
|479 kg/1056 lbs
|Landshut UAS
|FS Germany
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/2011_FSE_Competition_Results_Engineering_Design.pdf]
|}

==Driverless records==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Record description
!Record
!Team
!When & where
!Proof
|-
|Most overall wins
|3
|AMZ
|FSG 2017, 2018 FSAE Italy 2018 
|
|-
|Most overall wins in one legal year
|2
|AMZ
|2018
|
|-
|Most overall wins with one car
|2
|AMZ
|2018
|
|-
|Most overall wins in a row
|3
|AMZ
|FSG 2017, 2018 FSAE Italy 2018 
|
|-
|Highest score in one legal year
|959.57
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score with one car
|959.57
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition
|959.57
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's static events
|477.07
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's dynamic events
|496
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2017
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2017/]
|-
|Lowest skidpad time
|5.136 s
|Karlsruhe KIT
|FS Germany 2021
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2021/]
|-
|Lowest acceleration time
|3.597 s
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2019
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2019/]
|-
|Lightest car at competition
|156 kg/344 lbs
|München TU
|FS Germany 2022
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/]
|-
|Lightest car at competition running in dynamic events
|156 kg/344 lbs
|München TU
|FS Germany 2022
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition
|286 kg/631 lbs
|Napoli UNINA
|FS Germany 2022
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition running in dynamic events
|281.5 kg/621 lbs
|Darmstadt TU
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|}
[[Category:Competition]]

List of FS/FSAE Competition Records

2024-07-28T18:07:50Z

Johannesla: tu graz skidpad austria 2024

Everything on this page is unofficial, so take it with a grain of salt. Please no edit wars.

A lot of the info on this page was taken from [https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12ioLo9yaQqad_OI_cilvSQqqRn0w3QVdseJFznmz6xU/edit?usp=sharing this spreadsheet].
==Combustion records==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Record description
!Record
!Team
!When & where
!Proof
|-
|Most overall wins
|27 
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|
|
|-
|Most overall wins in one legal year
|4
|Global Formula Racing, Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2014/2017
|
|-
|Most overall wins with one car
|4
|Global Formula Racing, Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2014/2017
|
|-
|Most overall wins in a row
|7
|Global Formula Racing
|
|
|-
|Highest score in one legal year
|4449
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2016
|
|-
|Highest score with one car
|4429
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|2016 (2017 Michigan)
|
|-
|Highest score in one competition
|980.15
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|FS Spain 2015
|
|-
|Highest score in one competition's static events
|320
|Raftar Formula Racing
|Formula Bharat 2020
|[https://www.formulabharat.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Results_CV_Overall_FormulaBharat2020-2.pdf]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's dynamic events
|672.05
|Rennteam Uni Stuttgart
|FS Spain 2015
|
|-
|Lowest skidpad time
|4.65 s
|TU Graz Racing
|FS Austria 2018
|[https://fsaustria.at/wp-content/uploads/C-Skidpad-Times-2018.pdf] 
|-
|Lowest acceleration time
|3.606 s
|Joanneum Racing Graz
|FS East (Hungary) 2019
|[https://fseast.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FS_EAST_2019_Final_Results_CV.pdf]
|-
|Lightest car at competition
|123 kg/271 lbs
|Berkeley
|FSAE Lincoln 2014
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ln_2014_result.pdf]
|-
|Lightest car at competition running in dynamic events
|123 kg/271 lbs
|Berkeley
|FSAE Lincoln 2014
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ln_2014_result.pdf]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition
|416.5 kg/918 lbs
|UAS Groningen
|FSUK 2011
|[https://www.flickr.com/photos/hanzeracingdivision/6240263216/in/dateposted/]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition running in dynamic events
|388 kg/855 lbs
|UPT Racing Team
|FS Hungary 2017
|
|}

==Electric records==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Record description
!Record
!Team
!When & where
!Proof
|-
|Most overall wins
|12
|AMZ
|
|
|-
|Most overall wins in one legal year
|4
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Most overall wins with one car
|4
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Most overall wins in a row
|5
|Unicamp E-Racing, TUfast Munich
|FSAE Brasil 2012, 2013, 2014, FSAE Electric 2013, 2014 
FSAE-A 2018, FSeast 2019, FSA 2019, FSG 2019, FSS 2019
|[http://students.sae.org/cds/formulaseries/results/] [http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/programas-estudantis/formula-sae-brasil/resultados]
|-
|Highest score in one legal year
|3740.94
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Highest score with one car
|3740.94
|TUfast Munich
|2019
|
|-
|Highest score in one competition
|985.4
|Unicamp E-Racing
|FSAE Electric 2013
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ev_2013_result.pdf]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's static events
|317
|TU Delft
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's dynamic events
|675
|Unicamp E-Racing
|FSAE Electric 2013
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/2018/student-events/fsae/results/fsae_ev_2013_result.pdf]
|-
|Lowest skidpad time
|4.355 s
|TU Graz Racing
|FS Austria 2024
|[https://fsaustria.at/wp-content/uploads/E_Skidpad_Times_2024_v2.pdf]
|-
|Lowest acceleration time
|3.21 s
|AMZ
|FSAE Italy 2013
|
|-
|Lightest car at competition
|142.5 kg/314 lbs
|TU Wien
|FS Spain 2017
|
|-
|Lightest car at competition running in dynamic events
|142.5 kg/314 lbs
|TU Wien
|FS Spain 2017
|
|-
|Heaviest car at competition
|483.5 kg/1066 lbs
|Univ. of North Carolina - Asheville
|FSAE Electric 2023
|[https://www.sae.org/binaries/content/assets/cm/content/attend/student-events/results/formula-sae/fsae_ev_2023_results.pdf]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition running in dynamic events
|479 kg/1056 lbs
|Landshut UAS
|FS Germany
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/2011_FSE_Competition_Results_Engineering_Design.pdf]
|}

==Driverless records==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Record description
!Record
!Team
!When & where
!Proof
|-
|Most overall wins
|3
|AMZ
|FSG 2017, 2018 FSAE Italy 2018 
|
|-
|Most overall wins in one legal year
|2
|AMZ
|2018
|
|-
|Most overall wins with one car
|2
|AMZ
|2018
|
|-
|Most overall wins in a row
|3
|AMZ
|FSG 2017, 2018 FSAE Italy 2018 
|
|-
|Highest score in one legal year
|959.57
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score with one car
|959.57
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition
|959.57
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's static events
|477.07
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|-
|Highest score in one competition's dynamic events
|496
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2017
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2017/]
|-
|Lowest skidpad time
|5.136 s
|Karlsruhe KIT
|FS Germany 2021
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2021/]
|-
|Lowest acceleration time
|3.597 s
|AMZ
|FS Germany 2019
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2019/]
|-
|Lightest car at competition
|156 kg/344 lbs
|München TU
|FS Germany 2022
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/]
|-
|Lightest car at competition running in dynamic events
|156 kg/344 lbs
|München TU
|FS Germany 2022
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition
|286 kg/631 lbs
|Napoli UNINA
|FS Germany 2022
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2022/]
|-
|Heaviest car at competition running in dynamic events
|281.5 kg/621 lbs
|Darmstadt TU
|FS Germany 2018
|[https://www.formulastudent.de/fsg/results/2018/]
|}
[[Category:Competition]]

Sensors

2023-04-14T18:47:25Z

Johannesla: /* Infrared Temperature Sensors */

Sensors measure physical properties, and convert their measurements into electrical signals to be captured by the data logger and used for running the vehicle, diagnosing the vehicle, verifying that the vehicle is running properly, and/or helping to tune the vehicle.
==Sensor Types==
===Sensing location/movement of vehicle===
These sensors are used to tell where the vehicle is, and how it is moving. Dataloggers often have some or more of these sensors built in. With these sensors, where they are mounted on the car may change how useful the data is. For instance, you may find that you want to mount them as close to the center of gravity as possible.
====Accelerometer====
Measures its acceleration in one or more axes. This may or may not be the actual acceleration of the vehicle, depending on how it's mounted.
====Gyroscope====
Measures its angular velocity (change in an angle over time) on one or more axes. Again, you'll probably want these axes to line up with those of the vehicle.
====Magnetometer====
Measures the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Useful for measuring the yaw of the vehicle.
====IMU====
Standing for Inertial Measurement Unit, it measures orientation, velocity, and acceleration in all three axes, utilizing accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers.
====GPS Receivers====
Obtains global positioning system (GPS) data from satellites. This is usually used for logging the position of the car, so that you can see where the car is going and compare lines through corners. Most commercial modules can get an accuracy around +/-3m, which is enough to plot the course of a run but not detailed dynamics. It's best used in conjunction with other sensors.
===Sensing Movement of a Single Component===
====Hall Effect Sensors====
Detect the presence of a magnetic field. These typically output a pulse signal corresponding to the rotation rate. These are most commonly used to detect and measure rotation, for instance gear position or wheel speed. Unlike a VR sensor, they require an external magnetic force, but this allows them to work at lower frequencies.
====Variable Reluctance Sensors====
Known also as VR sensors, they detect a change in the magnetic field. Unlike hall effect sensors, they do not require an external magnetic field, so many OEMs use them for cam and crank position sensors. However, they don't work well at low frequencies, since they rely on movement and not position.
====Potentiometers====
Variable resistor ladders that measure movement. The can be used as driver controls (e.g., for adjusting radio volume), or in linear form for measuring shock travel (among other uses).
====Rotary Position Sensors====
These act as more accurate rotary potentiometers. Often they are contactless, meaning they last much longer and for many more cycles than potentiometers do. These are useful as pedal position sensors and steering angle sensors.
====Knock Sensors====
Sensors that detect engine knocking. These will bolt directly to the engine block, and will usually come with the engine. there are a buncha different kinds of knock sensors - i'll try to get something sketched out here this week -simon
===O2 Concentration Sensors===
O2 sensors measure how much oxygen is in the exhaust. This allows you to figure out the air-fuel ratio of the engine. Narrowband O2 sensors can only tell you if you are rich, lean, or at the stoichiometric efficiency of the engine, whereas wideband O2 sensors tell you your exact air-fuel ratio with much more accuracy. Narrowband O2 sensors are usually used by the OEMs for troubleshooting catalytic converters, but most racecars use wideband O2 sensors to help tune the engine.

A wideband O2 sensor needs a wideband controller to connect to an ECU. Sometimes this is embedded inside the ECU, other times it has to be purchased separately.
===Pressure Sensors===
====Liquid Pressure Sensors====
====Air Pressure Sensors====
===Strain Gauges===
Strain Gauges measure the strain on an object—the deformation due to the forces traveling through it. They have a trace that curves back and forth, which elongates or contracts slightly as the object stretches or compresses. This elongation alters the resistance of the strain gauge, which can be measured with a wheatstone bridge and an amplifier.
===Temperature Sensors===
====Liquid Temperature Sensors====
At minimum, most engines will have a single coolant temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the water in the cooling circuit. This is reported to the engine control unit and is used to determine when the engine cooling fans should be turned on. Additional liquid temperature sensors include oil temperature sensors to monitor the health and performance of the lubrication system (the oil-coolant heat exchanger on most vehicles should reduce this as a concern) and additional coolant temperature sensors to assess radiator performance.

====Air Temperature Sensors====
During testing, the team should record the ambient weather conditions (humidity, any rainfall past or present, visibility, etc.). On the vehicle, an air temperature sensor mounted on the intake plenum can be used to adjust the fuel injector flow rate to compensate for temperature driven air density changes. Air at 0 C is 101% as dense as air at 35 C, yielding more oxygen . This compensation is included in almost every engine control software and the ease of implementation leads it to be one of the most common compensations used. Engine exhaust temperature sensors in the exhaust headers can also provide information on the vehicles performance for design evaluation; if two header temperatures differ significantly, that indicates that there is an issue with the spark/fuel flow/air flow/leakage for one of the cylinders.

====Infrared Temperature Sensors====
Essentially very low-resolution thermal imaging cameras that "see" the infrared radiation coming off of hot things. Can be used to sense tire- or brake temperature.

==Signal Types==
===Analog Sensors===
====2-Wire====
2-Wire sensors act like a rheostat, a variable resistor. Because of this, the two wires are almost always interchangeable. One wire is wired to the device input, with a pullup resistor to 5V (this pullup may be internal to your ECU) and the other wire goes to ground.
====3-Wire====
3-wire sensors take power and ground and send a output signal, usually a voltage that corresponds linearly to whatever the sensor measures. The wires are almost never interchangeable. Because they have a power input, they do not need a pullup resistor. Some 3-wire sensors, like the CBR600RR coolant temperature sensor, are actually 2-wire sensors with an internal pullup resistor.
===Digital Sensors===
====Switched====
Simple on/off signal. The sensor has some threshold which causes it to go from open to closed circuit. Used in buttons/toggle switches, as well as a simple controller for things like the brake light.
====Pulsed====
Pulsed sensors send a series of digital pulses where the frequency of the pulses represents the measurement value. Commonly seen in shaft speed sensors.
======PWM======
PWM sensors vary the width of pulses at a fixed frequency to represent the measurement value. Typically this is done while holding frequency steady, but technically this isn't always required. A simple analog filter can allow a PWM sensor to be approximated into an analog signal.
====Serial====
Some "smart" sensors transmit their measurement value(s) over a [[Communication Protocols|communication protocol]] such as CAN Bus, I2C, or SPI. This allows multiple values to be transmitted without additional wiring.
[[Category:Data Acquisition]]

==Some Common Applications==
===Driver Training===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type''' 
|-
|GPS
|Visualize and compare driving lines, visual aid for displaying data on an overlay of the course
|GPS
|-
|Throttle position sensor (TPS)
|Visualize and compare driver's throttle pedal control
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Accelerator pedal position sensor (APPS)
|Visualize and compare driver's throttle pedal control
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Brake sensor
|Visualize and compare driver's braking
|Liquid pressure sensor, rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Steering angle sensor
|Visualize and compare driver's steering
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|}

===Aerodynamics===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Air pressure sensor
|Validating aero simulations
|Air pressure sensor
|-
|Air speed sensor
|Calibrating downforce calculations for headwind
|Pitot tube
|-
|Shock length sensor
|Determining downforce at front vs. rear
|Linear potentiometer
|}

===Brakes===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Brake pressure sensor (front and rear)
|Validate braking system design, determine brake bias
|Liquid pressure sensor
|-
|Brake light switch
|Turn on brake light when brakes are applied
|Liquid pressure switch
|-
|Brake rotor temperature sensor (front and rear)
|Validate brake rotor design
|IR temperature sensor
|}

===Chassis===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Strain gauges
|Validating chassis stiffness
|Strain gauge
|}

===Powertrain: Internal Combustion===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sensor name
!Use
!Sensor type
|-
|Cam position
|Determine ignition/fuel timing
|VR sensor
|-
|Crank position
|Determine ignition/fuel timing and determine engine speed (aka RPM)
|VR sensor
|-
|Accelerator pedal position sensor (APPS)
|Required for [[Electronic_Throttle_Control|ETC]]
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Throttle position sensor (TPS)
|Required for [[Engine_Control#Alpha-n|α-n engine control]], ETC, can be used as compensation parameter for speed-density or MAF control
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Manifold/intake air pressure (MAP/IAP)
|Measures intake air pressure before it goes into the engine, typically in the plenum. Required for speed density control, can be used as compensation parameter for α-n control
|Air pressure sensor 
|-
|Manifold/intake air temperature (MAT/IAT)
|Measures the temperature of the air before it goes into the engine. Can be used as compensation parameter for all engine control schemes.
|Air temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant temperature (CLT)
| Used as an approximation as engine temperature. Verify that the engine isn't about to blow up, can be used as a compensation parameter for engine control such as during a cold start. An additional temperature sensor can be used in the coolant loop after the radiator to quantify radiator performance.
|Liquid temperature sensor
|-
| Oil Temperature
| Used with CLT to approximate engine temperature
| Liquid Temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant pressure
|Verify that the cooling system works, diagnosing problems
|Liquid pressure sensor
|-
| Oil Pressure
| Used to ensure proper engine lubrication. Low oil pressure should be indicated to driver and vehicle should be stopped.
| Liquid Pressure sensor
|-
|Fuel pressure
|Verify that the fuel system works, diagnosing problems
|Liquid pressure sensor
|-
|Wideband O2
|Measures oxygen content of exhaust gas. Can be used as a compensation parameter for closed loop engine control. Used to tune the engine's AFR, diagnosing misfires (AFR will appear higher if a misfire is occurring). Narrowband AFR sensors are not typically used and are not recommended.
|O2 sensor
|-
|Gear position sensor
|Used to determine gear engine is in. Display what gear the transmission is to the driver. Not stock on all engines: CBR only has a neutral switch. Easy to create by drilling a hole in the engine block near the shift drum.
|Various
|-
|Neutral switch
|Tell the driver if they're in neutral or not
|Switch
|-
|Vehicle speed sensor (at transmission output)
|Verify differential performance, can be used to calculate what gear you're in
|Hall effect sensor
|}

===Powertrain: Electric===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Motor position
|Determines what angle the motor is at so the inverter can time the AC phases (see [[Motor_Control#Field%20Oriented%20Control%20for%20Synchronous%20Machines|FOC]])
|Resolver, encoder, or hall effect sensor
|-
|Motor temperature
|Make sure motor doesn't overheat
|Temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant temperature (CLT)
|Make sure motor and/or motor controller don't overheat
|Liquid temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant pressure
|Make sure there's no leak, make sure water pump is operating correctly
|Liquid pressure sensor
|}

===Drivetrain===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Rear wheel speed sensors
|Verify differential/torque vectoring performance, traction control
|Hall effect, VR, inductive proximity sensor
|}

===Suspension===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Tire pressure
|Verify tire performance, suspension tuning
|Wireless air pressure sensor
|-
|Tire temperature
|Verify tire performance, suspension tuning (even camber if multiple temperature readings per tire)
|Surface or IR temperature sensor
|-
|Shock length sensor
|Suspension tuning
|Linear potentiometer
|-
|Strain gauges
|Verify forces on suspension members
|Strain gauge
|-
|IMU
|Suspension tuning
|IMU
|}

Sensors

2023-04-14T18:45:16Z

Johannesla:

Sensors measure physical properties, and convert their measurements into electrical signals to be captured by the data logger and used for running the vehicle, diagnosing the vehicle, verifying that the vehicle is running properly, and/or helping to tune the vehicle.
==Sensor Types==
===Sensing location/movement of vehicle===
These sensors are used to tell where the vehicle is, and how it is moving. Dataloggers often have some or more of these sensors built in. With these sensors, where they are mounted on the car may change how useful the data is. For instance, you may find that you want to mount them as close to the center of gravity as possible.
====Accelerometer====
Measures its acceleration in one or more axes. This may or may not be the actual acceleration of the vehicle, depending on how it's mounted.
====Gyroscope====
Measures its angular velocity (change in an angle over time) on one or more axes. Again, you'll probably want these axes to line up with those of the vehicle.
====Magnetometer====
Measures the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Useful for measuring the yaw of the vehicle.
====IMU====
Standing for Inertial Measurement Unit, it measures orientation, velocity, and acceleration in all three axes, utilizing accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers.
====GPS Receivers====
Obtains global positioning system (GPS) data from satellites. This is usually used for logging the position of the car, so that you can see where the car is going and compare lines through corners. Most commercial modules can get an accuracy around +/-3m, which is enough to plot the course of a run but not detailed dynamics. It's best used in conjunction with other sensors.
===Sensing Movement of a Single Component===
====Hall Effect Sensors====
Detect the presence of a magnetic field. These typically output a pulse signal corresponding to the rotation rate. These are most commonly used to detect and measure rotation, for instance gear position or wheel speed. Unlike a VR sensor, they require an external magnetic force, but this allows them to work at lower frequencies.
====Variable Reluctance Sensors====
Known also as VR sensors, they detect a change in the magnetic field. Unlike hall effect sensors, they do not require an external magnetic field, so many OEMs use them for cam and crank position sensors. However, they don't work well at low frequencies, since they rely on movement and not position.
====Potentiometers====
Variable resistor ladders that measure movement. The can be used as driver controls (e.g., for adjusting radio volume), or in linear form for measuring shock travel (among other uses).
====Rotary Position Sensors====
These act as more accurate rotary potentiometers. Often they are contactless, meaning they last much longer and for many more cycles than potentiometers do. These are useful as pedal position sensors and steering angle sensors.
====Knock Sensors====
Sensors that detect engine knocking. These will bolt directly to the engine block, and will usually come with the engine. there are a buncha different kinds of knock sensors - i'll try to get something sketched out here this week -simon
===O2 Concentration Sensors===
O2 sensors measure how much oxygen is in the exhaust. This allows you to figure out the air-fuel ratio of the engine. Narrowband O2 sensors can only tell you if you are rich, lean, or at the stoichiometric efficiency of the engine, whereas wideband O2 sensors tell you your exact air-fuel ratio with much more accuracy. Narrowband O2 sensors are usually used by the OEMs for troubleshooting catalytic converters, but most racecars use wideband O2 sensors to help tune the engine.

A wideband O2 sensor needs a wideband controller to connect to an ECU. Sometimes this is embedded inside the ECU, other times it has to be purchased separately.
===Pressure Sensors===
====Liquid Pressure Sensors====
====Air Pressure Sensors====
===Strain Gauges===
Strain Gauges measure the strain on an object—the deformation due to the forces traveling through it. They have a trace that curves back and forth, which elongates or contracts slightly as the object stretches or compresses. This elongation alters the resistance of the strain gauge, which can be measured with a wheatstone bridge and an amplifier.
===Temperature Sensors===
====Liquid Temperature Sensors====
At minimum, most engines will have a single coolant temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the water in the cooling circuit. This is reported to the engine control unit and is used to determine when the engine cooling fans should be turned on. Additional liquid temperature sensors include oil temperature sensors to monitor the health and performance of the lubrication system (the oil-coolant heat exchanger on most vehicles should reduce this as a concern) and additional coolant temperature sensors to assess radiator performance.

====Air Temperature Sensors====
During testing, the team should record the ambient weather conditions (humidity, any rainfall past or present, visibility, etc.). On the vehicle, an air temperature sensor mounted on the intake plenum can be used to adjust the fuel injector flow rate to compensate for temperature driven air density changes. Air at 0 C is 101% as dense as air at 35 C, yielding more oxygen . This compensation is included in almost every engine control software and the ease of implementation leads it to be one of the most common compensations used. Engine exhaust temperature sensors in the exhaust headers can also provide information on the vehicles performance for design evaluation; if two header temperatures differ significantly, that indicates that there is an issue with the spark/fuel flow/air flow/leakage for one of the cylinders.

====Infrared Temperature Sensors====
==Signal Types==
===Analog Sensors===
====2-Wire====
2-Wire sensors act like a rheostat, a variable resistor. Because of this, the two wires are almost always interchangeable. One wire is wired to the device input, with a pullup resistor to 5V (this pullup may be internal to your ECU) and the other wire goes to ground.
====3-Wire====
3-wire sensors take power and ground and send a output signal, usually a voltage that corresponds linearly to whatever the sensor measures. The wires are almost never interchangeable. Because they have a power input, they do not need a pullup resistor. Some 3-wire sensors, like the CBR600RR coolant temperature sensor, are actually 2-wire sensors with an internal pullup resistor.
===Digital Sensors===
====Switched====
Simple on/off signal. The sensor has some threshold which causes it to go from open to closed circuit. Used in buttons/toggle switches, as well as a simple controller for things like the brake light.
====Pulsed====
Pulsed sensors send a series of digital pulses where the frequency of the pulses represents the measurement value. Commonly seen in shaft speed sensors.
======PWM======
PWM sensors vary the width of pulses at a fixed frequency to represent the measurement value. Typically this is done while holding frequency steady, but technically this isn't always required. A simple analog filter can allow a PWM sensor to be approximated into an analog signal.
====Serial====
Some "smart" sensors transmit their measurement value(s) over a [[Communication Protocols|communication protocol]] such as CAN Bus, I2C, or SPI. This allows multiple values to be transmitted without additional wiring.
[[Category:Data Acquisition]]

==Some Common Applications==
===Driver Training===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type''' 
|-
|GPS
|Visualize and compare driving lines, visual aid for displaying data on an overlay of the course
|GPS
|-
|Throttle position sensor (TPS)
|Visualize and compare driver's throttle pedal control
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Accelerator pedal position sensor (APPS)
|Visualize and compare driver's throttle pedal control
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Brake sensor
|Visualize and compare driver's braking
|Liquid pressure sensor, rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Steering angle sensor
|Visualize and compare driver's steering
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|}

===Aerodynamics===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Air pressure sensor
|Validating aero simulations
|Air pressure sensor
|-
|Air speed sensor
|Calibrating downforce calculations for headwind
|Pitot tube
|-
|Shock length sensor
|Determining downforce at front vs. rear
|Linear potentiometer
|}

===Brakes===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Brake pressure sensor (front and rear)
|Validate braking system design, determine brake bias
|Liquid pressure sensor
|-
|Brake light switch
|Turn on brake light when brakes are applied
|Liquid pressure switch
|-
|Brake rotor temperature sensor (front and rear)
|Validate brake rotor design
|IR temperature sensor
|}

===Chassis===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Strain gauges
|Validating chassis stiffness
|Strain gauge
|}

===Powertrain: Internal Combustion===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sensor name
!Use
!Sensor type
|-
|Cam position
|Determine ignition/fuel timing
|VR sensor
|-
|Crank position
|Determine ignition/fuel timing and determine engine speed (aka RPM)
|VR sensor
|-
|Accelerator pedal position sensor (APPS)
|Required for [[Electronic_Throttle_Control|ETC]]
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Throttle position sensor (TPS)
|Required for [[Engine_Control#Alpha-n|α-n engine control]], ETC, can be used as compensation parameter for speed-density or MAF control
|Rotary position sensor or potentiometer
|-
|Manifold/intake air pressure (MAP/IAP)
|Measures intake air pressure before it goes into the engine, typically in the plenum. Required for speed density control, can be used as compensation parameter for α-n control
|Air pressure sensor 
|-
|Manifold/intake air temperature (MAT/IAT)
|Measures the temperature of the air before it goes into the engine. Can be used as compensation parameter for all engine control schemes.
|Air temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant temperature (CLT)
| Used as an approximation as engine temperature. Verify that the engine isn't about to blow up, can be used as a compensation parameter for engine control such as during a cold start. An additional temperature sensor can be used in the coolant loop after the radiator to quantify radiator performance.
|Liquid temperature sensor
|-
| Oil Temperature
| Used with CLT to approximate engine temperature
| Liquid Temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant pressure
|Verify that the cooling system works, diagnosing problems
|Liquid pressure sensor
|-
| Oil Pressure
| Used to ensure proper engine lubrication. Low oil pressure should be indicated to driver and vehicle should be stopped.
| Liquid Pressure sensor
|-
|Fuel pressure
|Verify that the fuel system works, diagnosing problems
|Liquid pressure sensor
|-
|Wideband O2
|Measures oxygen content of exhaust gas. Can be used as a compensation parameter for closed loop engine control. Used to tune the engine's AFR, diagnosing misfires (AFR will appear higher if a misfire is occurring). Narrowband AFR sensors are not typically used and are not recommended.
|O2 sensor
|-
|Gear position sensor
|Used to determine gear engine is in. Display what gear the transmission is to the driver. Not stock on all engines: CBR only has a neutral switch. Easy to create by drilling a hole in the engine block near the shift drum.
|Various
|-
|Neutral switch
|Tell the driver if they're in neutral or not
|Switch
|-
|Vehicle speed sensor (at transmission output)
|Verify differential performance, can be used to calculate what gear you're in
|Hall effect sensor
|}

===Powertrain: Electric===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Motor position
|Determines what angle the motor is at so the inverter can time the AC phases (see [[Motor_Control#Field%20Oriented%20Control%20for%20Synchronous%20Machines|FOC]])
|Resolver, encoder, or hall effect sensor
|-
|Motor temperature
|Make sure motor doesn't overheat
|Temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant temperature (CLT)
|Make sure motor and/or motor controller don't overheat
|Liquid temperature sensor
|-
|Coolant pressure
|Make sure there's no leak, make sure water pump is operating correctly
|Liquid pressure sensor
|}

===Drivetrain===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Rear wheel speed sensors
|Verify differential/torque vectoring performance, traction control
|Hall effect, VR, inductive proximity sensor
|}

===Suspension===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Sensor name'''
|'''Use'''
|'''Sensor type'''
|-
|Tire pressure
|Verify tire performance, suspension tuning
|Wireless air pressure sensor
|-
|Tire temperature
|Verify tire performance, suspension tuning (even camber if multiple temperature readings per tire)
|Surface or IR temperature sensor
|-
|Shock length sensor
|Suspension tuning
|Linear potentiometer
|-
|Strain gauges
|Verify forces on suspension members
|Strain gauge
|-
|IMU
|Suspension tuning
|IMU
|}

Wire

2023-04-14T18:35:34Z

Johannesla: /* Metric */

Wire is a single electrical conductor that may or may not be insulated by a jacket. See [[Cable]] for multiple conductors housed within a single jacket.

==Sizing==
===AWG===
American Wire Gauge is the standard system for wire sizing in North America. Wire sizes are logarithmically stepped, with a larger gauge signifying a smaller cross section. The formula for calculating diameter of a wire for standard and metric units is as follows, where <math>d_n</math> is the wire diameter and <math>n</math> is the wire gauge. Note that this is the diameter of a bare solid-core wire—stranded wire will have the same cross-sectional area, but a larger overall diameter.

: <math>d_n = 0.005~\mathrm{inch} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39} = 0.127~\mathrm{mm} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39}</math>
: [[File:AW(oo)G(a).jpg|600px|center|middle|frameless|AWG Chart from https://meters.co.uk/american-wire-gauge-awg-cable-conductor-sizes/]]
:

===Metric===
The wire cross section is often given in square millimeters (mm^2). This can be converted to/from AWG for example using [https://www.rapidtables.com/calc/wire/wire-gauge-chart.html this] tool (that gives you a lot more bonus information as well), or the table above.

==Choosing Wire Gauge==

===Ampacity===
Theoretically, any wire can carry any amount of current, as long as the voltage drop across the wire does not drop the voltage to an unusable level. However if the wire is too small it could heat up to an insane temperature and burn your car to a crisp. Ampacity is the maximum current you can safely pass through the wire. A larger gauge wire will be able to carry more current, but will be heavier.

===Voltage Drop===
Voltage drop is the reduction in voltage in a circuit from the source to the load. Since all wires have resistance, there will always be a difference in voltage from one end of a wire to another if current is flowing through it. If the voltage drops too low, electrical devices may not function properly. Since a larger gauge wire will have a smaller resistance per foot, going to a larger gauge wire decreases the voltage drop.

This is easily calculated with the formula <math>V = IR</math>, where <math>V</math> is the change in voltage, <math>I</math> is the current running through the wire, and <math>R</math> is the resistance of the wire. When choosing wire gauges, it might be a good idea to choose a fixed percentage voltage drop (say, 5%), and then choose all your wire gauges based on that.

===Temperature Ratings===
As mentioned above, wires have temperature ratings. How hot a wire gets depends on the type and width of insulation, the wire gauge, whether the wire is in a bundle or by itself, and whether the wire is in free stream air or not. Annoyingly, this is really hard to quantify, so use your best judgement. Consider flexible heat shielding for wiring that gets too close to hot parts of the car (e.g., the exhaust).

==Construction==
===Conductor===
====Material====
Wire conductors are almost always made out of either copper or aluminum. Aluminum has 61% the conductivity of copper, but it has 30% the weight - meaning a bare aluminum wire has half the weight of a bare copper wire with the same resistance. Aluminum wire is also generally cheaper. However, aluminum has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than copper, and thus expands more under heat. This means it can "creep," resulting in loose connections. Aluminum can also rust, and the resulting layer of Aluminum Oxide could impede the flow of electricity. Aluminum is also a softer metal, and is thus more prone to nicks.

====Solid vs. Stranded Wire====
Solid conductors are made of one single strand of copper or aluminum, whereas stranded wire is made of many strands of copper or aluminum. Stranded wire is less durable, but its greater flexibility means that solid wire is hardly ever used in automotive applications.

===Jacket===
====Material====
====Temperature Rating====
====Chemical Resistance====
====Abrasion Resistance====

==Electrical Characteristics==
===Voltage Rating===
Wire manufacturers will specify a voltage rating, which is the maximum voltage you can apply to the wire. If the voltage rating is exceeded, the insulation could break down and cause a short circuit or a fire. The most common voltage rating seems to be 600V, but if you're working with high voltages this is worth double checking.

===Resistance===
The resistance of a wire is used to determine the voltage drop across a wire and the heat it outputs (see above). It is often specified in datasheets as ohms per 1000 feet (or the metric equivalent) since the resistance will be larger for longer wires.

===Impedance===
===Capacitance===

==Standards==
===SAE AS50881===
[https://www.sae.org/standards/content/as50881/ SAE AS50881] is the current SAE standard for wiring in aerospace vehicles. The method described in this standard compensates for the number of wires in a wire bundle, what size they are, and how many are carrying current. The older version of this standard is MIL-W-5088.

===MIL-STD-975===
This is NASA's standard for the selection of standard electronic parts. In Appendix A, Section 3.16, they give a method of finding a wire's ampacity, calibrating for wire temperature rating and the number of wires in a wire bundle. Because it's NASA's wiring standard, it assumes a vacuum, with no heat dissipation due to conduction or convection.<ref>"What's Outer Space like?" JAXA. https://iss.jaxa.jp/kids/en/space/401.html. Accessed 24-Mar-2023.</ref>

===IEC 60287===
Under this standard, you calculate the wire size based on thermal characteristics of the wire. For Formula SAE use, probably the most useful equations are those marked "in free air", as there are many equations that are for use in underground applications. With the methods described in this standard, you can also calculate the ampacity of multi–wire cables, or even shielded cables, based on the exact materials the cable is made out of.

==References==

[[Category:Electronics]]

Wire

2023-04-14T18:34:40Z

Johannesla: /* Metric */

Wire is a single electrical conductor that may or may not be insulated by a jacket. See [[Cable]] for multiple conductors housed within a single jacket.

==Sizing==
===AWG===
American Wire Gauge is the standard system for wire sizing in North America. Wire sizes are logarithmically stepped, with a larger gauge signifying a smaller cross section. The formula for calculating diameter of a wire for standard and metric units is as follows, where <math>d_n</math> is the wire diameter and <math>n</math> is the wire gauge. Note that this is the diameter of a bare solid-core wire—stranded wire will have the same cross-sectional area, but a larger overall diameter.

: <math>d_n = 0.005~\mathrm{inch} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39} = 0.127~\mathrm{mm} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39}</math>
: [[File:AW(oo)G(a).jpg|600px|center|middle|frameless|AWG Chart from https://meters.co.uk/american-wire-gauge-awg-cable-conductor-sizes/]]
:

===Metric===

The wire cross section is often given in square millimeters (mm^2). This can be converted to/from AWG for example using [https://www.rapidtables.com/calc/wire/wire-gauge-chart.html this] tool (that gives you a lot more bonus information as well).

==Choosing Wire Gauge==

===Ampacity===
Theoretically, any wire can carry any amount of current, as long as the voltage drop across the wire does not drop the voltage to an unusable level. However if the wire is too small it could heat up to an insane temperature and burn your car to a crisp. Ampacity is the maximum current you can safely pass through the wire. A larger gauge wire will be able to carry more current, but will be heavier.

===Voltage Drop===
Voltage drop is the reduction in voltage in a circuit from the source to the load. Since all wires have resistance, there will always be a difference in voltage from one end of a wire to another if current is flowing through it. If the voltage drops too low, electrical devices may not function properly. Since a larger gauge wire will have a smaller resistance per foot, going to a larger gauge wire decreases the voltage drop.

This is easily calculated with the formula <math>V = IR</math>, where <math>V</math> is the change in voltage, <math>I</math> is the current running through the wire, and <math>R</math> is the resistance of the wire. When choosing wire gauges, it might be a good idea to choose a fixed percentage voltage drop (say, 5%), and then choose all your wire gauges based on that.

===Temperature Ratings===
As mentioned above, wires have temperature ratings. How hot a wire gets depends on the type and width of insulation, the wire gauge, whether the wire is in a bundle or by itself, and whether the wire is in free stream air or not. Annoyingly, this is really hard to quantify, so use your best judgement. Consider flexible heat shielding for wiring that gets too close to hot parts of the car (e.g., the exhaust).

==Construction==
===Conductor===
====Material====
Wire conductors are almost always made out of either copper or aluminum. Aluminum has 61% the conductivity of copper, but it has 30% the weight - meaning a bare aluminum wire has half the weight of a bare copper wire with the same resistance. Aluminum wire is also generally cheaper. However, aluminum has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than copper, and thus expands more under heat. This means it can "creep," resulting in loose connections. Aluminum can also rust, and the resulting layer of Aluminum Oxide could impede the flow of electricity. Aluminum is also a softer metal, and is thus more prone to nicks.

====Solid vs. Stranded Wire====
Solid conductors are made of one single strand of copper or aluminum, whereas stranded wire is made of many strands of copper or aluminum. Stranded wire is less durable, but its greater flexibility means that solid wire is hardly ever used in automotive applications.

===Jacket===
====Material====
====Temperature Rating====
====Chemical Resistance====
====Abrasion Resistance====

==Electrical Characteristics==
===Voltage Rating===
Wire manufacturers will specify a voltage rating, which is the maximum voltage you can apply to the wire. If the voltage rating is exceeded, the insulation could break down and cause a short circuit or a fire. The most common voltage rating seems to be 600V, but if you're working with high voltages this is worth double checking.

===Resistance===
The resistance of a wire is used to determine the voltage drop across a wire and the heat it outputs (see above). It is often specified in datasheets as ohms per 1000 feet (or the metric equivalent) since the resistance will be larger for longer wires.

===Impedance===
===Capacitance===

==Standards==
===SAE AS50881===
[https://www.sae.org/standards/content/as50881/ SAE AS50881] is the current SAE standard for wiring in aerospace vehicles. The method described in this standard compensates for the number of wires in a wire bundle, what size they are, and how many are carrying current. The older version of this standard is MIL-W-5088.

===MIL-STD-975===
This is NASA's standard for the selection of standard electronic parts. In Appendix A, Section 3.16, they give a method of finding a wire's ampacity, calibrating for wire temperature rating and the number of wires in a wire bundle. Because it's NASA's wiring standard, it assumes a vacuum, with no heat dissipation due to conduction or convection.<ref>"What's Outer Space like?" JAXA. https://iss.jaxa.jp/kids/en/space/401.html. Accessed 24-Mar-2023.</ref>

===IEC 60287===
Under this standard, you calculate the wire size based on thermal characteristics of the wire. For Formula SAE use, probably the most useful equations are those marked "in free air", as there are many equations that are for use in underground applications. With the methods described in this standard, you can also calculate the ampacity of multi–wire cables, or even shielded cables, based on the exact materials the cable is made out of.

==References==

[[Category:Electronics]]

Wire

2023-04-14T18:30:14Z

Johannesla: /* Voltage Rating */

Wire is a single electrical conductor that may or may not be insulated by a jacket. See [[Cable]] for multiple conductors housed within a single jacket.

==Sizing==
===AWG===
American Wire Gauge is the standard system for wire sizing in North America. Wire sizes are logarithmically stepped, with a larger gauge signifying a smaller cross section. The formula for calculating diameter of a wire for standard and metric units is as follows, where <math>d_n</math> is the wire diameter and <math>n</math> is the wire gauge. Note that this is the diameter of a bare solid-core wire—stranded wire will have the same cross-sectional area, but a larger overall diameter.

: <math>d_n = 0.005~\mathrm{inch} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39} = 0.127~\mathrm{mm} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39}</math>
: [[File:AW(oo)G(a).jpg|600px|center|middle|frameless|AWG Chart from https://meters.co.uk/american-wire-gauge-awg-cable-conductor-sizes/]]
:

===Metric===

==Choosing Wire Gauge==

===Ampacity===
Theoretically, any wire can carry any amount of current, as long as the voltage drop across the wire does not drop the voltage to an unusable level. However if the wire is too small it could heat up to an insane temperature and burn your car to a crisp. Ampacity is the maximum current you can safely pass through the wire. A larger gauge wire will be able to carry more current, but will be heavier.

===Voltage Drop===
Voltage drop is the reduction in voltage in a circuit from the source to the load. Since all wires have resistance, there will always be a difference in voltage from one end of a wire to another if current is flowing through it. If the voltage drops too low, electrical devices may not function properly. Since a larger gauge wire will have a smaller resistance per foot, going to a larger gauge wire decreases the voltage drop.

This is easily calculated with the formula <math>V = IR</math>, where <math>V</math> is the change in voltage, <math>I</math> is the current running through the wire, and <math>R</math> is the resistance of the wire. When choosing wire gauges, it might be a good idea to choose a fixed percentage voltage drop (say, 5%), and then choose all your wire gauges based on that.

===Temperature Ratings===
As mentioned above, wires have temperature ratings. How hot a wire gets depends on the type and width of insulation, the wire gauge, whether the wire is in a bundle or by itself, and whether the wire is in free stream air or not. Annoyingly, this is really hard to quantify, so use your best judgement. Consider flexible heat shielding for wiring that gets too close to hot parts of the car (e.g., the exhaust).

==Construction==
===Conductor===
====Material====
Wire conductors are almost always made out of either copper or aluminum. Aluminum has 61% the conductivity of copper, but it has 30% the weight - meaning a bare aluminum wire has half the weight of a bare copper wire with the same resistance. Aluminum wire is also generally cheaper. However, aluminum has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than copper, and thus expands more under heat. This means it can "creep," resulting in loose connections. Aluminum can also rust, and the resulting layer of Aluminum Oxide could impede the flow of electricity. Aluminum is also a softer metal, and is thus more prone to nicks.

====Solid vs. Stranded Wire====
Solid conductors are made of one single strand of copper or aluminum, whereas stranded wire is made of many strands of copper or aluminum. Stranded wire is less durable, but its greater flexibility means that solid wire is hardly ever used in automotive applications.

===Jacket===
====Material====
====Temperature Rating====
====Chemical Resistance====
====Abrasion Resistance====

==Electrical Characteristics==
===Voltage Rating===
Wire manufacturers will specify a voltage rating, which is the maximum voltage you can apply to the wire. If the voltage rating is exceeded, the insulation could break down and cause a short circuit or a fire. The most common voltage rating seems to be 600V, but if you're working with high voltages this is worth double checking.

===Resistance===
The resistance of a wire is used to determine the voltage drop across a wire and the heat it outputs (see above). It is often specified in datasheets as ohms per 1000 feet (or the metric equivalent) since the resistance will be larger for longer wires.

===Impedance===
===Capacitance===

==Standards==
===SAE AS50881===
[https://www.sae.org/standards/content/as50881/ SAE AS50881] is the current SAE standard for wiring in aerospace vehicles. The method described in this standard compensates for the number of wires in a wire bundle, what size they are, and how many are carrying current. The older version of this standard is MIL-W-5088.

===MIL-STD-975===
This is NASA's standard for the selection of standard electronic parts. In Appendix A, Section 3.16, they give a method of finding a wire's ampacity, calibrating for wire temperature rating and the number of wires in a wire bundle. Because it's NASA's wiring standard, it assumes a vacuum, with no heat dissipation due to conduction or convection.<ref>"What's Outer Space like?" JAXA. https://iss.jaxa.jp/kids/en/space/401.html. Accessed 24-Mar-2023.</ref>

===IEC 60287===
Under this standard, you calculate the wire size based on thermal characteristics of the wire. For Formula SAE use, probably the most useful equations are those marked "in free air", as there are many equations that are for use in underground applications. With the methods described in this standard, you can also calculate the ampacity of multi–wire cables, or even shielded cables, based on the exact materials the cable is made out of.

==References==

[[Category:Electronics]]

Chain Drive

2023-04-14T18:25:39Z

Johannesla: /* Drivetrain Shield */ rules

A '''chain drive''' system is a part of the [[Drivetrain|drivetrain]] that transmits torque from the [[Engine|engine]] or [[Electric_Motors|motor]] to the [[Differential|differential]]. A chain and sprocket requires lubrication and a [[tensioner|tensioner]]. Chain analysis is incredibly complex and often teams will not need to dig into the analysis beyond a cursory level. If the needed information is not supplied by the chain supplier, please see The Complete Guide to Chain produce by the chain manufacturer Tsubaki<ref name = chainguide>Kanehira, M. The Complete Guide to Chain, Tsubaki, 1995</ref>. For a shortlist of diagnostic pointers, see the html plaintext "CHAIN & SPROCKETS" writeup on the Honda Bros website<ref>http://homepage.eircom.net/~hondabros/CHAIN_MAINTENANCE.html</ref>.
==System Design==

Chains can be easily lengthened or shortened using quick release links.
===Sealing===
Sealed chains use o-rings to seal in a lubricant, great for daily driving. Also used in racing applications. Very common in motorcycle shops. Non-sealed requires more frequent lubrication application and are commonly used for motocross or low mileage applications.
===Sizing===
There are many write-ups online for how to understand chain sizing and how to size your chain<ref>https://www.partzilla.com/blog/how-to-measure-motorcycle-atv-chains</ref>. A smaller toothed chain may allow for reduced weight, but anecdotal evidence suggests chain weight is frequently a lower priority than power delivery, reliability, availability of parts, and cost.

===Tension===
{{Main|Tensioner}}
A mechanism is needed to apply tension to the chain. This enables the chain to be installed and removed when slack, and to take up the slack in the chain as it stretches. If the chain is too loose when running, it can fail catastrophically. If it too tight, it will wear out faster and will draw too much power from the drivetrain. Usually chain tension is measured by chain sag, or the extent to which it deflects from a straight line. It is recommended to follow manufacturer recommendations for chain tension. A good rule of thumb is 2% of distance between sprockets<ref name=chainguide/><ref>https://www.cisco-eagle.com/vector/504/adjusting-the-drive-chain</ref>.

==Sprockets==
Sprockets are made of [[Steel|steel]], [[Aluminum|aluminum]], or [[Titanium|titanium]] and can replaced to change the [[Drivetrain#Final_Drive_Ratio|final drive ratio]]. Sprockets can be bought or easily made by [[Machining#Laser Cutting|laser-cutting]], [[Machining#Water Jetting|water-jetting]], or [[Machining#CNC Machining|CNC machining]].

As the number of teeth decrease, the sprocket will approach a polygon instead of a circle. This is called the polygon effect or chordal action and results in a variation in speed output (Imagine driving on square wheels)<ref name=chainguide/><ref>[http://chain-guide.com/basics/2-2-1-chordal-action.html http://chain-guide.com/basics/2-2-1-chordal-action.html]</ref>. Typical sprockets don't ever go under 11 or 12 teeth for 35 and 40-series chains.

==Drivetrain Shield==
Chain drives have specific shielding rules covered in T.5.2.7 (FSAE) or T 7.3.3 (FS).

==Failure Modes==
If there is excessive sprocket wear, improper chain tension, improperly installed quick release, no lubricant there is an increased likelyhood of chain failure. If the chain drive is not in the same plane there will be a failure. Chain failures can be extremely dangerous for both the vehicle and nearby people. The chain cannot slip without some failure occuring<ref>https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3058#Chain%20Drive%20Advantages https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3058#Chain%20Drive%20Advantages</ref>


==References==
<references />
[[Category:Drivetrain]]

List of competitions

2023-04-14T18:12:02Z

Johannesla: /* Official Active Competitions */

==Official Active Competitions==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 1256px;" data-mce-style="width: 1256px;"
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|'''Country'''
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|'''Name'''
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|'''Sanctioning Body'''
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|'''Classes'''
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|'''Month'''
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|'''Years active since'''
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|'''Notes'''
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Australia
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.saea.com.au/formula Formula SAE Australasia]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|SAE Australasia
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|December
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2000
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Austria
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://fsaustria.at/ Formula Student Austria]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Austria
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2009
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Brasil
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/programas-estudantis/formula-sae-brasil Formula SAE Brasil ]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|[http://portal.saebrasil.org.br/ SAE Brasil]
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|November-December
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2004
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Canada
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-north Formula SAE North]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE 
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|May
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2010
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Taken over by SAE in 2019. Closed indefinitely in 2021. 
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|China
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.formulastudent.com.cn/ Formula Student China]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|China Society of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October-November
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2010
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|EV and CV are held separately since 2015, DV started in 2017, and is held with EV.
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Croatia
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://fs-alpeadria.com/ Formula Alpe Adria]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|FS Alpe Adria
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2022
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Unofficial event before 2022 (first held 2017).
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Czech Republic
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.fsczech.cz/ Formula Student Czech Republic]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Czech Republic
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2013
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|[[FSG|Germany]] 
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formulastudent.de/ Formula Student Germany]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Germany
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2006
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|It was announced in October 2019 that FSG would transition to a full driverless competition in 2022. <ref>Formula Student Germany News. "FSG Strategic Announcement." October 24 2019. https://www.formulastudent.de/pr/news/details/article/fsg-strategic-announcement/ </ref> Due to COVID-19, this strategic plan has shifted 1 year. The competition will become driverless in 2023. <ref>Formula Student Germany News. "Update to Cancellation of FSG 2020." https://www.formulastudent.de/pr/news/details/article/update-to-cancellation-of-fsg-2020/ </ref>
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Hungary
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://fseast.eu/ Formula Student East]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Association of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2016
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|India
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formulabharat.com/ Formula Bharat]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|[http://www.curiosumtech.in/ Curiosum Tech]
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|January
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2017
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Italy
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formula-ata.it/ Formula SAE Italy]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|ANFIA
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2005
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Japan
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.jsae.or.jp/formula/jp Formula SAE Japan]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|JSAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|September
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Netherlands
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.formula-student.nl/ Formula Student Netherlands]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula Student Netherlands
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Russia
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://fstudent.ru/ Formula Student Russia]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Department of Entreprenurship and Innovative Devlopment of the City of Moscow and SMP Racing
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|September
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2019
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|South Korea
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://jajak.ksae.org/ KSAE Formula]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|October
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Spain
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.formulastudent.es/ Formula Student Spain]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|STA (Spanish Society of Automotive Engineers)
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2010
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Switzerland
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://formulastudent.ch/index.php Formula Student Switzerland]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|FS Switzerland
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July-August
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2020 (cancelled) 
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|Thailand
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[http://www.tsae.or.th/ TSAE Auto Challenge]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|SAE Thailand
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|January
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"| 
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|United Kingdom
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.imeche.org/events/formula-student Formula Student ]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|IMechE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|July
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|1998
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|USA
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-michigan Formula SAE Michigan]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|May
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|1981 
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Held in Texas in 1981-1985, 1987, 1989 
|-
| style="width: 194px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px;"|USA
| style="width: 327px;" data-mce-style="width: 327px;"|[https://www.sae.org/attend/student-events/formula-sae-california Formula SAE West/Lincoln/California]
| style="width: 200px;" data-mce-style="width: 200px;"|Formula SAE
| style="width: 137px;" data-mce-style="width: 137px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 102px;" data-mce-style="width: 102px;"|June
| style="width: 100.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 100.8px;"|2006
| style="width: 367.2px;" data-mce-style="width: 367.2px;"|Held in Lincoln, NE between 2012-2019, in Las Vegas, NV in 2021, and in Michigan in 2022. 
|}

==Unofficial Active Competitions==

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 1361px;" data-mce-style="width: 1361px;"
|- style="height: 34px;" data-mce-style="height: 34px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 34px;"|'''City, Country'''
| style="width: 222px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 34px;"|'''Name'''
| style="width: 410px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 34px;"|'''Organizing Body'''
| style="width: 105px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 34px;"|'''Classes'''
| style="width: 60px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 34px;"|'''Month'''
| style="width: 125px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 34px;"|'''Years active since'''
| style="width: 472px; height: 34px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 34px;"|'''Notes'''
|- style="height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="height: 24.8px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;"|Dallesport, WA, USA
| style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;"|Dallesport Shootout
| style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;"|Global Formula Racing
| style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;"|
| style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;"|October
| style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;"|
| style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;"|
|- style="height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="height: 24.8px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 24.8px;"|Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 24.8px;"|[//www.pittsburghshootout.com Pittsburgh Shootout]
| style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 24.8px;"|[//www.facebook.com/Pittfsae University of Pittsburgh Formula SAE]
| style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 24.8px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 24.8px;"|July-August
| style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 24.8px;"|2016
| style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 24.8px;"|Uses Formula SAE ruleset
Autocross event only
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|Ljungbyhed, Sweden
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|[https://lundformulastudent.se/nordic-test-event/ Nordic Test Event]
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|[https://lundformulastudent.se/ Lund Formula Student]
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|CV, EV, DV
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|June
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|2015
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|Mock competition aimed at the nordic teams
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|Sydney, Australia
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|[https://www.fs-sydney.com.au/ FS Sydney]
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|[https://www.sydneymotorsportpark.com.au/ Australian Racing Drivers' Club]
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|January
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|2019
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|Formula SAE rule set with full dynamic events and modified static events.
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
| style="width: 194px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 194px; height: 16px;"|Rotating
| style="width: 222px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 222px; height: 16px;"|[https://www.facebook.com/BalticOpenEvents/ Baltic Open]
| style="width: 410px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 410px; height: 16px;"|Baltic Open /[http://metropolia-motorsport.fi/ Metropolia Motorsport]
| style="width: 105px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 105px; height: 16px;"|CV, EV
| style="width: 60px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 60px; height: 16px;"|August-September
| style="width: 125px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 125px; height: 16px;"|2003
| style="width: 472px; height: 16px;" data-mce-style="width: 472px; height: 16px;"|Usually organized somewhere around the Baltic sea, allows grandfathered cars to compete
|}

[[Category:Competition]]

==Notes==
<references />

Firewall

2023-04-14T17:31:09Z

Johannesla: reference FS rules chapter

The '''firewall''' is a component that protects the driver from powertrain failures. The firewall is required by rule T.1.8 in the FSAE rules and T 4.8 in the FS rules.
=Internal Combustion=
FSAE - The firewall must protect the driver against the [[Fuel|fuel supply]], [[Oil|oil]], [[Cooling|cooling lines]], and any lithium batteries.
==Construction==
Most teams construct the firewall out of a layer of composite (usually carbon fiber) on top of a layer of "insulating" material. The specific sandwich panel material is less impactful for heat management to the driver compartment than the mandatory 1" of air gap between the exhaust and the firewall. There is almost no better insulator than air, and moving air is even better. Since the firewall cannot be touching the exhaust, most heat blocked by the firewall is in the form of IR radiation and is easily solved by applying a layer of reflective material. Commercial automotive solutions are available and often sponsor FSAE teams. In a pinch, aluminum tape can be used for this purpose.

==Position==
Since the firewall has to be between the driver and the engine, many teams use it to support the seat as a structural element of the cockpit. If the seat used for actual drivers is removable without removing the firewall, the firewall can be used as the "seat" for the Percy template during [[Scrutineering|tech inspection]], and the seat will be considered "padding".

=EVs=
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

User:Johannesla

2022-10-31T20:43:37Z

Johannesla: Created page with "Lund Formula Student alumn"

Lund Formula Student alumn