http://fswiki.us/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=HeifetzJunkie 2026-07-26T14:10:55Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.34.1 http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Differential&diff=2111 2021-07-27T23:35:59Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: /* Differentials used in Formula */</p> <hr /> <div>A differential is a mechanism that allows the two driven wheels to rotate at different speeds to assist in cornering.<br /> =Function=<br /> When turning a corner, the outer wheels will follow a path with a greater radius of curvature. This difference in radius means the outside wheels will have to travel a longer distance, and rotate faster than the inside wheels.in a rear wheel drive car, the front two wheels are allowed to rotate at a different rate, so this does not pose a problem. The rear wheels, however, both have to be driven by the engine, and therefore are mechanically connected to each other, so there is no freedom of movement between them inherent in the design.<br /> <br /> [need a pic of cornering to demonstrate wheel travel difference]{{#evt:service=youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYAw79386WI}}<br /> =Types=<br /> ==Open Differential==<br /> An open differential is a gear assembly that allows the two rear wheels to spin independently of each other, while maintaining the average rotational speed. If the outside wheel spins faster than it would without the differential, the inside wheel must spin and equivalent amount slower. Similarly, the torque transferred to the ground, but is split in varying amounts between the two rear wheels depending on their relative velocities. The faster spinning wheel will see a proportionally greater amount of torque from the engine.<br /> <br /> This torque differential between the two wheels can become problematic in high torque applications where the torque is desired to go to the wheel with the greatest amount of traction, not the greatest rotational velocity, such as corner exit, or corner entry if using an inboard brake. To solve this problem, a differential that can limit the amount of slip is desired.<br /> ==Limited Slip Differential==<br /> A limited slip differential (LSD) allows the two wheels to rotate at different speeds, but is limited to a maximum difference. The maximum limit of torque sent to one side is the torque bias ratio (TBR) of the LSD.<br /> ===Clutch===<br /> 2-Way, 1-Way, 1.5-Way<br /> ===Geared===<br /> Geared LSDs are sometimes referred to by the supplier: Torsen, Quaife, and Eaton. Greared LSDs rely on the geometry of gears to determine the TBR.<br /> <br /> Torsen makes three versions. The T-1 uses cross axis planetary helical and spurr gears. The T-2 uses axial planetary helical gears. The T-3 is designed as a center differential for AWD OEM applications.<br /> ===Locking===<br /> ====Detroit Locker====<br /> ====Cam and Pawl====<br /> ===Viscous===<br /> Uses hydraulics to differentiate speeds. Not used in Formula?<br /> ==Spool==<br /> Although not technically a differential, a spool does still transfer power from the engine to the wheels. A spool mechanically ties the two wheels together: they will always spin at the same speed. This can lead to massive understeer unless suspension is designed to compensate. The only main advantage to using a spool is the weight savings.<br /> ==Electronic Differential==<br /> It is fairly common to find electric formulas where the [[battery pack]] powers more than one motor on each side of the car. These two motors are then controlled individually and behave like if a virtual electronic differential was separating each other.<br /> <br /> not sure if anyone uses eLSDs but they're common in industry, dont know if this is the right section or the LSD section is better<br /> <br /> =Differentials used in Formula=<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Name<br /> |Type<br /> |TBR<br /> |Comments<br /> |-<br /> |[https://torsen.com/fsae/ Torsen University Special]<br /> |T-1 or T-2 Torsen LSD<br /> |2.6:1<br /> |obsolete<br /> |-<br /> |TRE mk1<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |obsolete<br /> |-<br /> |[https://www.taylor-race.com/catalog/1283 TRE mk2]<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[https://shop.drexler-motorsport.com/en/limited-slip-differential/formula-student/ Drexler]<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Quaife<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |&lt;brdata-attributes=&quot;&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> =Further Reading=<br /> * https://www.taylor-race.com/sites/default/files/DIFFERENTIAL%20ESSAY%20W%20PHOTOS2.pdf<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2ir4svMoaYim-RSNWEh-aIfdcM6plSly Engineering Explained:Differentials (Youtube Playlist)]<br /> * https://www.awdwiki.com/en/torsen/<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> &lt;references /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Category:Internal Combustion]]<br /> [[Category:Electric Vehicle]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Differential&diff=2110 2021-07-27T23:35:41Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: /* Differentials used in Formula */</p> <hr /> <div>A differential is a mechanism that allows the two driven wheels to rotate at different speeds to assist in cornering.<br /> =Function=<br /> When turning a corner, the outer wheels will follow a path with a greater radius of curvature. This difference in radius means the outside wheels will have to travel a longer distance, and rotate faster than the inside wheels.in a rear wheel drive car, the front two wheels are allowed to rotate at a different rate, so this does not pose a problem. The rear wheels, however, both have to be driven by the engine, and therefore are mechanically connected to each other, so there is no freedom of movement between them inherent in the design.<br /> <br /> [need a pic of cornering to demonstrate wheel travel difference]{{#evt:service=youtube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYAw79386WI}}<br /> =Types=<br /> ==Open Differential==<br /> An open differential is a gear assembly that allows the two rear wheels to spin independently of each other, while maintaining the average rotational speed. If the outside wheel spins faster than it would without the differential, the inside wheel must spin and equivalent amount slower. Similarly, the torque transferred to the ground, but is split in varying amounts between the two rear wheels depending on their relative velocities. The faster spinning wheel will see a proportionally greater amount of torque from the engine.<br /> <br /> This torque differential between the two wheels can become problematic in high torque applications where the torque is desired to go to the wheel with the greatest amount of traction, not the greatest rotational velocity, such as corner exit, or corner entry if using an inboard brake. To solve this problem, a differential that can limit the amount of slip is desired.<br /> ==Limited Slip Differential==<br /> A limited slip differential (LSD) allows the two wheels to rotate at different speeds, but is limited to a maximum difference. The maximum limit of torque sent to one side is the torque bias ratio (TBR) of the LSD.<br /> ===Clutch===<br /> 2-Way, 1-Way, 1.5-Way<br /> ===Geared===<br /> Geared LSDs are sometimes referred to by the supplier: Torsen, Quaife, and Eaton. Greared LSDs rely on the geometry of gears to determine the TBR.<br /> <br /> Torsen makes three versions. The T-1 uses cross axis planetary helical and spurr gears. The T-2 uses axial planetary helical gears. The T-3 is designed as a center differential for AWD OEM applications.<br /> ===Locking===<br /> ====Detroit Locker====<br /> ====Cam and Pawl====<br /> ===Viscous===<br /> Uses hydraulics to differentiate speeds. Not used in Formula?<br /> ==Spool==<br /> Although not technically a differential, a spool does still transfer power from the engine to the wheels. A spool mechanically ties the two wheels together: they will always spin at the same speed. This can lead to massive understeer unless suspension is designed to compensate. The only main advantage to using a spool is the weight savings.<br /> ==Electronic Differential==<br /> It is fairly common to find electric formulas where the [[battery pack]] powers more than one motor on each side of the car. These two motors are then controlled individually and behave like if a virtual electronic differential was separating each other.<br /> <br /> not sure if anyone uses eLSDs but they're common in industry, dont know if this is the right section or the LSD section is better<br /> <br /> =Differentials used in Formula=<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |Name<br /> |Type<br /> |TBR<br /> |Comments<br /> |-<br /> |[https://torsen.com/fsae/ Torsen University Special]<br /> |T-1 or T-2 Torsen LSD<br /> |2.6:1<br /> |obsolete<br /> |-<br /> |TRE mk1<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |obsolete<br /> |-<br /> |[https://www.taylor-race.com/catalog/1283 TRE mk2]<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[https://shop.drexler-motorsport.com/en/limited-slip-differential/formula-student/ Drexler]<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Quaife<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |&lt;br /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> =Further Reading=<br /> * https://www.taylor-race.com/sites/default/files/DIFFERENTIAL%20ESSAY%20W%20PHOTOS2.pdf<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2ir4svMoaYim-RSNWEh-aIfdcM6plSly Engineering Explained:Differentials (Youtube Playlist)]<br /> * https://www.awdwiki.com/en/torsen/<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> &lt;references /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Category:Internal Combustion]]<br /> [[Category:Electric Vehicle]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Brakes&diff=2109 2021-07-27T22:50:00Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: Created page with &quot;Category:Brakes&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brakes]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Master_Cylinders&diff=2108 2021-07-27T22:49:48Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: Created page with &quot;Category:Brakes&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brakes]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Calipers&diff=2107 2021-07-27T22:49:37Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: Created page with &quot;Category:Brakes&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brakes]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Brake_Pads&diff=2106 2021-07-27T22:49:17Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: Created page with &quot;Category:Brakes Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brakes]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2105 2021-07-27T22:48:46Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>=[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brake Pads]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Calipers]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Master Cylinders]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brake Bias/System Design]]<br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Brake_Rotors&diff=2104 2021-07-27T22:47:10Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brakes]]<br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;span&gt;Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ==&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Materials&quot;&gt;Materials&lt;/span&gt;==<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon%&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ==&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Post-Processing&quot;&gt;Post-Processing&lt;/span&gt;==<br /> ===&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Lightening&quot;&gt;Lightening&lt;/span&gt;===<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ===&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Venting&quot;&gt;Venting&lt;/span&gt;===<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Brake_Rotors&diff=2103 2021-07-27T22:46:10Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brakes]]<br /> ==&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Materials&quot;&gt;Materials&lt;/span&gt;==<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon%&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> ==&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Post-Processing&quot;&gt;Post-Processing&lt;/span&gt;==<br /> ===&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Lightening&quot;&gt;Lightening&lt;/span&gt;===<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ===&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;Venting&quot;&gt;Venting&lt;/span&gt;===<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Brake_Rotors&diff=2102 2021-07-27T22:44:24Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: Created page with &quot;Category:Brakes&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Brakes]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Ergonomics&diff=2101 2021-07-27T22:43:54Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Vehicle]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2100 2021-07-27T22:43:39Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>=[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Brake Rotors]]<br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> [[Brake Rotors]]Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2099 2021-07-27T22:42:49Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: /* Brake Rotors */</p> <hr /> <div>=[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> [[Brake Rotors]]Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> <br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Ergonomics_Jig&diff=2098 2021-07-27T22:42:12Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: Created page with &quot;Category:Ergonomics&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Ergonomics]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Ergonomics&diff=2097 2021-07-27T22:37:20Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Ergonomics Jig]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Ergonomics&diff=2096 2021-07-27T22:35:31Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Vehicle]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Ergonomics&diff=2095 2021-07-27T22:35:10Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[New Page]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2094 2021-07-27T22:11:43Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>=[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> ==Brake Rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2093 2021-07-27T22:11:07Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>=[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> ==Brake Rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2092 2021-07-27T22:10:31Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>==[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> ==Brake Rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2091 2021-07-27T22:09:58Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>==[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> ==Brake Rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2090 2021-07-27T20:22:49Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>==[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> Brake pads are built with specific material compounds that get applied to the brake rotors to get the highest amount of friction possible. Brake pads are typically an off-the-shelf item in FSAE, with a wide variety of manufacturers providing a wider variety of pad compounds designed to be paired with specific calipers and rotor materials/sizes.<br /> ==Brake Rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2089 2021-07-27T20:20:40Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>==[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake Pads==<br /> ==Brake Rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2088 2021-07-27T20:18:29Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>==[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> Brake Pads==<br /> ==Brake Rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> <br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> <br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> ==Brake Calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master Cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake Balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2087 2021-07-27T20:17:15Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: /* Brake rotors */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake rotors==<br /> Brake rotors, or just rotors, are the discs that rotate with the wheel and provide a surface for the brake pads to apply friction to. They can be made using a wide variety of materials and manufacturing methods depending on the system they are used in, mostly dependent on the brake pad material.<br /> ===Materials===<br /> &lt;span&gt;The selection of material is highly dependent on the engineer's design goals for rotor operating temperature, pad-rotor coefficient of friction, material strength and other properties.&lt;/span&gt;Rotors can be constructed using the following materials:<br /> * Steels of low to high carbon %&lt;br /&gt;<br /> * Chromoly (4130 Steel) or other alloys<br /> * Cast Iron<br /> * Aluminum Alloys<br /> * Carbon ceramic<br /> Typically pad-rotor coefficients of friction and ideal pairings will be specified by the brake pad manufacturer, but this can also be physically tested and verified in-house by teams who have the resources to do so.<br /> ===Post-Processing===<br /> ====Lightening====<br /> A common practice is the drilling of holes or slots into or all the way through the rotor. This practice has several effects on brake performance:<br /> * Decreasing the area of contact between the pad and rotor, thus impeding the flow of heat into the rotor but also venting heat off the pad<br /> * Adds a shaving effect to keep the pad surface clean<br /> * Increases rotor temperatures through reduction of mass<br /> * Decreases rotational inertia of system, wheel becomes easier to roll<br /> A common misconception among designers is that doing this increases cooling effects on the brake rotor by increasing it's surface area. While drilling holes in the rotor does increase surface area, unless there is some form of air actively being guided through those holes either by brake/wheel ducts or winglets, there is no significant airflow through the holes of the rotor. Reducing the mass reduces the overall thermal capacity of the rotor, which leads to an increase in temperature during use. However, there are ways of increasing airflow through such slots and holes. For example, a wheel center that is designed to act as a propeller, sucking air into the wheel assembly and sending it through the rotor can change the direction of airflow from across the rotor's surface to through it's holes and slots, making the process more effective. This can also be done by adding the holes and slots at an angle, creating a slight suction effect as the disc rotates.<br /> ====Venting====<br /> Vented rotors are rotors with fins in between either contact surface that allow air to pass inside the rotor itself. The way air travels through the rotor is dependent on the configuration of the fins inside.<br /> <br /> ==Brake calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2086 2021-07-27T19:46:25Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake rotors==<br /> lightening holes are ok - don't drill them yourselves, though<br /> <br /> <br /> non-flat brake rotors have disadvantages, but overall worth it&lt;br /&gt;differences between holes/slots<br /> ==Brake calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Category:Brakes&diff=2085 2021-07-27T19:46:06Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Vehicle]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Brakes decelerate the vehicle by converting kinetic energy into heat. This is done by having the driver press on the brake pedal, where brake fluid pressure is created in the master cylinder. This pressure acts on the brake piston via brake lines, and a net force pushes the brake cylinder into the brake pad and consequently into the brake rotor. This forced interface slows the vehicle by friction between the pad and the rotor, resisting the motion of the rotor, and therefore the wheel, and consequently the vehicle body.<br /> <br /> <br /> The brake system is comprised of several components. In the body of the vehicle, there must be a brake pedal, a balance bar, and master cylinder(s). In Formula Student, it is standard by rules to have a minimum of two master cylinders (check your competitions rules for more details) – one for the front axle and one for the rear axle. There is also usually a balance bar adjustment dial on the vehicle dash for the driver to adjust brake balance while in motion. The master cylinders transmit pressure via the brake hydraulic system. This is usually comprised of a combination of hard and soft brake lines, and fitments that allow the joining or splitting of brake lines. The brake lines must be routed though the vehicle and/or along suspension arms to connect with the brake calipers.<br /> <br /> <br /> The front wheels must have a brake caliper mounted rigidly on the suspension upright, where the brake pads can apply their clamping force onto the rotor. The rotor will be mounted on some part of the rotating wheel assembly, usually the wheel hub, but it as been seen to be done that it could be mounted from the wheel rim.<br /> <br /> <br /> At the rear, the set up will have more options and depend on the drivetrain design. If the team uses a spool (locked differential) then it is allowable to use one brake caliper and rotor assembly, mounted on the sprung body, as the braking force will be transmitted to both wheels. If there is a differential or some other set up (for example, in-hub motors) where the rear wheels could possibly move at different speeds, then two are required. The packaging of the drivetrain will usually dictate if the brakes should be mounted inboard (on the sprung chassis mass) or outboard (inside the wheel assembly, like the front wheels).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Brake rotors==<br /> lightening holes are ok - don't drill them yourselves, though<br /> <br /> <br /> non-flat brake rotors have disadvantages, but overall worth it&lt;br /&gt;differences between holes/slots<br /> ==Brake calipers==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers<br /> ==Master cylinders==<br /> please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder<br /> ==Brake balancing==<br /> More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times<br /> <br /> <br /> More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver<br /> <br /> [Rotors]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Tube_Frame&diff=1082 2020-05-18T16:07:00Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: Tube frame is most common form of frame used in FSAE competitions. While various materials can be used for the structural tubes, the most common are low carbon steel and 4130 or &quot;chromoly&quot; steel</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Chassis]]</div>

HeifetzJunkie http://fswiki.us/index.php?title=Teams&diff=1080 2020-05-18T16:04:06Z

<p>HeifetzJunkie: /* United States */</p> <hr /> <div>[[Category:Team]]<br /> ==North American Teams==<br /> ===Canada===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.facebook.com/ConcordiaFormulaRacing/ Concordia Formula Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Montréal, QC<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Formula uOttawa<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Ottawa, ON<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Formule ETS<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Montréal, QC<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Gryphon Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Guelph, ON<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|McGill Formula Electric (MFE)<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Montréal, QC<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Queen's Formula SAE<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Kingston, ON<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Schulich Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Calgary, AB<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.umsae.com/formula-ic UMSAE Polar Bear Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Winnipeg, MB<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.umsae.com/formula-e UMSAE Polar Bear Racing Electric]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Winnipeg, MB<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|UTFR - UofT Formula Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Toronto, ON<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Waterloo Formula Electric<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Waterloo, ON<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Lancer Motorsports<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Windsor, ON<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://ravensracing.com/ Ravens Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Ottawa, ON<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.cvm.qc.ca/formulesae/ Formule CVM]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Montréal, QC<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://fsae.polymtl.ca/ Formule Polytechnique Montréal (FPM)]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Montréal, QC<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===United States===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Binghamton Motorsports FSAE<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Binghamton, NY<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.bruinracing.com/ Bruin Racing FSAE]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Los Angeles, CA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://calbaptistracing.com/ CalBaptist Racing ]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Riverside, CA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.carnegiemellonracing.org/ Carnegie Mellon Racing ]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Pittsburgh, PA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.clemsonfsae.com/ Clemson University Formula SAE]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Clemson, SC<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.alabamafsae.com/ Crimson Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Tuscaloosa, AL<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|CSUF Titan Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Fullerton, CA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://fsae.cooper.edu/ Cooper Union Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|New York City, NY<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://stuorgs.engineering.iastate.edu/sae/formula/ Cyclone Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Ames, IA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://formulabuckeyes.engineering.osu.edu/ Formula Buckeyes]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Columbus, OH<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.global-formula-racing.com/en/ Global Formula Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Corvallis, OR<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://users.wpi.edu/~sae auto// Goat Fast Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Worcester, MA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.gophermotorsports.com/ Gopher Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Minneapolis, MN<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.gtms.gatech.edu/ GT Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Atlanta, GA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://stcloudstate.campuslabs.com/engage/organization/huskyformularacing Husky Formula Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|St. Could, MN<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.jayhawkmotorsports.org/ Jayhawk Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Lawrence, KS<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.kettering.edu/partnerships/formulasae Kettering University Formula SAE]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Flint, MI<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.ksumotorsports.com/ KSU Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Kennesaw, GA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.egr.msu.edu/fsae/ Michigan State Formula Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|East Lansing, MI<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.minesformula.com/ Mines Formula]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Golden, CO<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Mizzou Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Columbia, MO<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://mracing.engin.umich.edu/ MRacing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Ann Arbor, MI<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://sae.fiu.edu/ Panther Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Miami, FL<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[//facebook.com/pittfsae Panther Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Pittsburgh, PA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://sites.psu.edu/pennstateracing/ Penn State Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|University Park, PA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.k-state.edu/powercatmotorsports/ Powercat Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Manhattan, KS<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://engineering.purdue.edu/fsae/wordpress/ Purdue Formula SAE]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|W. Lafayette, IN<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.parksracingfsae.com/ SLU – Parks Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|St. Louis, MO<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.formularpi.org/ Rensselaer Motorsport]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Troy, NY<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.rit.edu/kgcoe/formula/ RIT Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Rochester, NY<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|RoadRunner Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|San Antonio, TX<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.instagram.com/rosegpeofficial/?hl=en RoseGPE]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Terre Haute, IN<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Rowan Motorsports<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Glassboro, NJ<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.rutgersformularacing.com/ Rutgers Formula Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Piscataway, NJ<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.facebook.com/asufsae/ Sun Devil Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Tempe, AZ<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://racing.umd.edu/ Terps Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|College Park, MD<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://sae.ou.edu/ The Sooner Racing Team]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Norman, OK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://ttumotorsports.com/ TTU Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Cookeville, TN<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://frucd.org/ UC Davis Formula Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Davis, CA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.facebook.com/undfsae UND Formula SAE]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Grand Forks, ND<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.uscformulasae.com/ USC Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Los Angeles, CA, USA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.utaracing.com/about/ UTA Racing Formula SAE]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Arlington, TX<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Velox Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|San Antonio, TX<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://sites.google.com/pdx.edu/viking-motorsports Viking Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Portland, OR<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.me.vt.edu/teams/sae-formula-team/ VT Motorsports]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Blacksburg, VA<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://fsae.eng.wayne.edu/ Warrior Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Detroit, MI<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://uaformula.wordpress.com/ Wildcat Formula Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Tucson, AZ<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://wisconsinracing.org/ Wisconsin Racing (Combustion &amp; Electric]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Madison, WI<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.wwuracing.com WWU Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Bellingham, WA<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==European Teams==<br /> ===Austria===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 354px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 354px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://www.ct-motorsport.at/ Campus Tirol Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Innsbruck, Austria<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://www.joanneum-racing.at/ Joanneum Racing Graz]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Graz, Austria<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://racing.tugraz.at/de/ TU Graz Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Graz, Austria<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://www.tuwienracing.at/ TU Wien Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Vienna, Austria<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://campus-racing.at/ Os.car Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Vienna, Austria<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Belgium===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://formulaelectric.be/ Formula Electric Belgium]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Leuven<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bosnia and Herzegovina===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|FSRacing Team<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Bulgaria===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://formulastudentbg.com TU-Sofia Racing Team]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Sofia<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Croatia===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://ups-fesb.hr/ FESB Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Split<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.fsb-racing.com FSB Racing Team]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Zagreb<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://ritehracingteam.uniri.hr/ Riteh Racing Team]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Rijeka<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Czech Republic&lt;br /&gt;===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 19.0167px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 19.0167px;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;height: 19.0167px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 19.0167px;&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! style=&quot;height: 19.0167px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 19.0167px;&quot;|Location<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|[http://www.cartech.cvut.cz/en/ CTU CarTech]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|Prague<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|[http://www.culsracing.cz CULS Prague Formula Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|Prague<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|[http://formula.vsb.cz Formula TU Ostrava]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|Ostrava<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|[https://www.fstulracing.cz/ FS TUL Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|Liberec<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|[http://www.uwbracing.cz Racing Team Pilsen]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|Plzen<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|[http://www.tubrnoracing.cz/ TU Brno Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 18px;&quot;|Brno<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Denmark===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://aauracing.dk/ AAU Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Aalborg, Denmark<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.sdu-vikings.dk/ SDU Vikings]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Odense, Denmark<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://vermilionracing.com/ Vermilion Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Kongens Lyngby, Denmark<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Estonia===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://formulastudent.ee/en/ FS Team Tallinn]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Tallinn<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Finland===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://metropolia-motorsport.fi/ Metropolia Motorsport]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Helsinki, Finland<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.tampereformulastudent.fi/ Tampere Formula Student]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Tampere, Finland<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[//www.fsoulu.fi Formula Student Oulu]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Oulu, Finland<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===France===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.epsa-team.com Ecurie Piston Sport Auto]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Ecully<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.estacaformulateam.fr Estaca Formula Team]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Levallois-Perret<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.formulastudent-isat.com ISAT Formula Team]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Nevers<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.metzracingteam.fr/ Metz Racing Team]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Metz<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Germany===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width: 412px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 412px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://fh-aachen.de/forschung/formula-student/ Aixtreme Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Aachen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.amda-racing.de AMDA]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Darmstadt<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://athene-racingteam.de ATHENE RacingTeam]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|München<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.balticracing.de Baltic Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Stralsund<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://blueflash-hawk.de/ Blue Flash Mobility Concepts ]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Göttingen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://homepage.brt-konstanz.de/ Bodensee Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Konstanz<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.brsmotorsport.de BRS Motorsport e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Sankt Augustin<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.btu-motorsport.de BTU-Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Cottbus<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.campus-motorsport.de Campus Motorsport Hannover]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Hannover<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://seagulls-luebeck.de/ CAT racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Cobrug<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://dart-racing.de/ Dart Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Darmstadt<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.deefholt-dynamics.de/ Deefholt Dynamics e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Diepholz<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.delta-racing.de Delta Racing Mannheim]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Mannheim<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.dhbw-engineering.de DHBW Engineering Stuttgart]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Stuttgart<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.dual-racing.com Dual Racing DHBW Campus Horb]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Horb am Neckar<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://dynamics-regensburg.de/ Dynamics e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Regensburg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.estallesslingen.de/ E.Stall Esslingen]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Göppingen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://ecurie-aix.de/ Ecurie Aix]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Aachen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.egnition-hamburg.de/ e-gnition Hamburg]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Hamburg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.einstein-motorsport.com Einstein Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Ulm<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.elbflorace.de Elbflorace]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Dresden<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.elefantracing.de Elefant Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Bayreuth<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.eosracing.de/ Eleven-O-Six Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Hamburg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.fastforest.de Fast Forest]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Deggendorf<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.fastda-racing.de/ FaSTDa]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Darmstadt<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.fasttube.de FaSTTUBe]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Berlin<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.fsteamweingarten.de/ Formula Student Team Weingarten]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Weingarten<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.get-racing.de/ GET racing Dortmund]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Dortmund<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.global-formula-racing.com Global Formula Racing (DE)]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Ravensburg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.glracing.de/ GreenLion Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Wuppertal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://gvr-clausthal.de/ Green Voltage Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Clausthal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://hawksracing.de HAWKS Racing e. V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Hamburg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.herkulesracing.de/ Herkules Racing Team Kassel]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Kassel<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.hhn-racing.de HHN Racing e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Heilbronn<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.high-octane-motorsports.de High-Octane Motorsports e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Erlangen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.highspeed-karlsruhe.de/ High Speed Karlsruhe]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Karlsruhe<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.horsepower-hannover.de HorsePower Hannover e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Hannover<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.hsnrracing.de HSNR Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Krefeld<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.ignition-racing.de Ignition Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Osnabrück<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.infinity-racing.de Infinity Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Kempten<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.ka-raceing.de/ KA-RaceIng Combustion]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Karlsruhe<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.karat-racing.de KaRaT]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Kaiserslautern<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.lionsracing.de Lions Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Braunschweig<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.mainfranken-racing.de Mainfranken Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Schweinfurt<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.mostec-racing.de mosTEC.racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Mosbach<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.munichmotorsport.de municHMotorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|München<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.owl-racing-team.de/ OWL Racing-Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Lemgo<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.race-ing.de/ Race-Ing Team]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Dortmund<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.racetech-racingteam.de/ Racetech Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Freiberg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://raceyard.de/ raceyard]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Kiel<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.rennschmiede-pforzheim.de Rennschmiede Pforzheim]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Pforzheim<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.rennteam-stuttgart.de/ Rennteam Uni Stuttgart e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Stuttgart<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://rennstall-esslingen.de/ Rennstall Esslingen]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Esslingen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.rhein-mosel-motorsport.de Rhein-Mosel-Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Koblenz<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.rubmotorsport.de RUB Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Bochum<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://runningsnail.oth-aw.de/ Running Snail Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Amberg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.saar-racing-htw.de Saar Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Saarbrücken<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.scuderia-mensa.de/ Scuderia Mensa]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Wiesbaden<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://seagulls-luebeck.de/ Seagulls Lübeck]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Lübeck<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.skyline-motorsport.de Skyline Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Frankfurt a.M.<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.s3racing.de/ Speeding Scientists Siegen e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Siegen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.strohmundsoehne.de/ Strohm + Söhne]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Nürnberg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.teamstarcraft.de Team StarCraft e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Ilmenau<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.wob-racing.de Team wob-racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Wolfenbüttel<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.tm-motorsport.net Technikum Mittweida Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Mittweida<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://www.thm.de/motorsport/racing/ THM Motorsport]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Gießen<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.tufast.de TUfast]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|München<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.umdracing.de UMD Racing e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Magdeburg<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[https://formulastudent.uni-paderborn.de/ UPBracingTeam e.V.]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Paderborn<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 253.2px;&quot;|[http://www.whz-racingteam.de WHZ Racing Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 133.8px;&quot;|Zwickau<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Greece===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|TEIWM Racing Team<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Kozani<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Hungary===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://frt.bme.hu/?id=hu/index BME Formula Racing Team]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Budapest<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Iceland===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.ruracing.is/ RU Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Reykjavik<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://teamspark.is/en Team Spark]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Reykjavik<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Ireland===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Formula Trinity<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Dublin<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Netherlands===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|FS Team Delft<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Delft<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|University Racing Eindhoven<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Eindhoven<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Hanze Racing Division<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Groningen<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Norway===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.revolve.no/ Revolve NTNU]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Trondheim, Norway<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.alignracing.no/ Align Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Agder, Norway<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://ionracing.no/ ION Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Stavanger, Norway<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Poland===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|AGH Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Krakow, Poland<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Silesia Automotive<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Katowice, Poland<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|PWR Racing Team<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Wroclaw, Poland<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Portugal===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://fstlisboa.com/ FST Lisboa]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Lisbon, Portugal<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://www.facebook.com/IselFormulaStudent/ FS ISEL]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Lisbon, Portugal<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Slovenia===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Superior Engineering<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Ljubljana<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|UNI Maribor GPE<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Maribor<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Spain===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[http://fsupv2017.webs.upv.es// FSUPV Team]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Valencia<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://tecnuneracing.wixsite.com/tecnuneracing/ Tecnun eRacing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|San Sebastian<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[https://www.e-techracing.es/ UPC EEBE e-Tech Racing ]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Barcelona<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 188px;&quot;|[http://www.upmracing.es// UPM Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;width: 140px;&quot;|Madrid<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Switzerland===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|AMZracing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Zürich<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Sweden===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;height: 151px;&quot; width=&quot;301&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 151px;&quot;<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 16px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 16px;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;height: 16px; width: 190.813px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 16px; width: 190.813px;&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! style=&quot;height: 16px; width: 84.8125px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 16px; width: 84.8125px;&quot;|Location<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 2px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 2px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 2px; width: 190.813px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 2px; width: 190.813px;&quot;|[http://www.chalmersformulastudent.se/ Chalmers Formula Student]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 2px; width: 84.8125px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 2px; width: 84.8125px;&quot;|Gothenburg<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 4px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 4px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 4px; width: 190.813px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 4px; width: 190.813px;&quot;|[https://www.clearriverracing.se/wp/ Clear River Racing]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 4px; width: 84.8125px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 4px; width: 84.8125px;&quot;|Karlstad<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 7px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 7px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 7px; width: 190.813px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 7px; width: 190.813px;&quot;|[https://www.kthformulastudent.se/ KTH Formula Student]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 7px; width: 84.8125px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 7px; width: 84.8125px;&quot;|Stockholm<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 1px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 1px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 1px; width: 190.813px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 1px; width: 190.813px;&quot;|[https://liuformulastudent.se/ LiU Formula Student]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 1px; width: 84.8125px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 1px; width: 84.8125px;&quot;|Linköping<br /> |- style=&quot;height: 1.625px;&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 1.625px;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;height: 1.625px; width: 190.813px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 1.625px; width: 190.813px;&quot;|[https://lundformulastudent.se/ Lund Formula Student]<br /> | style=&quot;height: 1.625px; width: 84.8125px;&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; data-mce-style=&quot;height: 1.625px; width: 84.8125px;&quot;|Lund<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Ukraine===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|FS ONPU<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Odessa<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===United Kingdom===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Cardiff Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Cardiff, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Oxford Brooks Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Oxford, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Leeds Formula Race Team<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Leeds, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|LJMU e-Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Liverpool, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Bath Racing Electric<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Bath, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|UBRacing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Birmingham, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Sheffield Formula Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Sheffield, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://hullfs.co.uk HUFS]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Hull, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://formulastudentuom.com/ UoM Racing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Manchester, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://www.usmformulastudent.co.uk/ University of Strathclyde Motorsport]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Glasgow, UK<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.ugracing.co.uk/ UGRacing]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Glasgow, UK<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==South American Teams==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|EESC USP Formula SAE<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|São Carlos, Brazil<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Equipe Poli Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|São Paulo, Brazil<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://fsaeunicamp.com/ FSAE Unicamp]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Campinas, Brazil<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Asian &amp; Pacific Teams==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|TaipeiTechRacing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Taipei, Taiwan<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|TDU Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Tokyo, Japan<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|University of Auckland<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Auckland, New Zealand<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|University of Canterbury Motorsport<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Christchurch, New Zealand<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Australia===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[//www.edithcowanuniracing.com Edith Cowan University Racing ]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Perth<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Curtin Motorsport Team<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Perth<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|UWA Motorsport<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Perth<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Griffith Racing Team<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Gold Coast<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[//www.monashmotorsport.com Monash Motorsport]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Melbourne<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|RMIT Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Melbourne<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|RMIT Electric Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Melbourne<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Swinburne<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Melbourne<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|UOW Motorsport<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Wollongong<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|UNSW Redback Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Sydney<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|UNSW ADFA<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Canberra<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[//www.uqracing.com UQ Racing ]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Brisbane, QLD<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===China(Mainland)===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[//www.jluracing.com Gspeed Formula Racing ]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Changchun, Jilin<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Gspeed Electric Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Changchun, Jilin<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ===India===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Raftar Formula Racing, IIT-Madras<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Chennai, India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|DJS Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Mumbai<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Fierce formula India<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Hyderabad, India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Pravega Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Acceleracers<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Pune, India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Defianz Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|New Delhi, India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|VITC Formula Electric<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Zurra Formula Racing<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Chennai, India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Accelerons<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Kurukshetra, India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[http://www.orion-racing.com/ Orion Racing India]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Mumbai, India<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|[https://teamfateh.com/ Team Fateh]<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Patiala, India<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Middle East &amp; African Teams==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Team Link<br /> ! align=&quot;left&quot;|Location<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Formula Technion<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Haifa, Israel<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Formula Electric Racing NUST<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Karachi, Pakistan<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|NED Racers<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Karachi, Pakistan<br /> |-<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|NUST Formula Student Team<br /> | align=&quot;left&quot;|Karachi, Pakistan<br /> |}</div>

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