fswiki.us - User contributions [en]

Introduction to VD Simulation

2020-05-29T01:43:38Z

Bertaveira: formatation

[[Category: VD Simulation]]

==Simulation and Simulation Environment==

Every simulation aims at describing the observed system as accurately as possible in order to be able to model the behavior of the real system. A vehicle or part of a vehicle as well as, if necessary, a part of its environment can be referred to as a system.

 The vehicle models are purely mathematical in nature. Thus running a simulation is equivalent to the running of software. 

==Types of Simulators==
===Laptime===
===Step Sim===
===YMD===
===GGV generator===
===Load Cases===
==Types of Simulation==
===Steady-State===
===Quasi-Steady-State===
===Transient===
==Vehicle Models==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Model Type
|Degrees of Freedom
|-
|Single track (bicycle) model, linear
|2
|-
|Single track(bicycle) model, nonlinear
|3-7
|-
|Twin track model
|14-30
|-
|Multibody model
|>20
|-
|Finite Element Model
|>500
|-
|Hybrid model
|>500
|}

===Point Mass===
{{Main|Point Mass Model}}
===Bicycle===
{{Main|Bicycle Model}}
===4 Wheel===
==Commercial Available Software==
Formula Student Teams Available Software

Thread:Talk:VD Simulation/Types of Simulator/reply (3)

2020-05-24T18:54:07Z

Bertaveira: Reply to Types of Simulator

I see your point. But I associate the word "Simulator" with the software. You don't have a DIL simulator and a HIL simulator. You have a single simulator software (could be a transient step sim model of the car for example) that you can run in different "simulation environments" as you stated. I tell other team members that we have for example 3 laptime simulators, 1 step simulator, 1 ymd simulator... You don't say "we have one HiL simulator" or one DiL simulator but you would say "I am doing a DiL simulation". the first doesn't make sense in English because it is not tied necessarily to the software. Our simulink 4wheel step sim vehicle model can be run in normal mode, HiL, DiL...

Then I tend to organize these concepts from broad to specific. Simulator type -> Simulation type -> vehicle model

The same applies for the types. What you first think is what you want to obtain (YMD, laptime...) therefore I assign this the name "simulator type". Once you know exactly what you want to obtain you need to decide on a simulation strategy or "simulation type" (QSS, SS, transient...) and then you think of the complexity of the model you want to introduce, therefore vehicle model.
So you end up with: Simulator type (YMD, laptime) -> Simulation type (QSS, SS, transient) -> vehicle model (4wheel, bicycle, point mass).

The "Simulation environment" in my eyes doesn't fall in the same bag. For most of vehicle simulations, at least in my view, you don't even think of it. When you do a laptime simulation or ymd you couldn't care less about the simulation environment. It is just a sim on the PC with no driver or hardware in the loop. Those are a very specific simulation you do and don't characterize all simulations like these 3 types do. Therefore in my opinion calling type of simulator doesn't make sense because then you get people trying to understand what type of simulator a point mass laptime is for example... this is adding extra unnecessary complexity.

Also calling YMD,GGV,laptime types of simulation doesn't make much sense in English. The difference between a GGV generator and a YMD is not the simulation in itself but what the simulator was meant to show. The method and logic behind is basically the same so I distinguish them as different types of simulators. "type of simulation" sounds more like the method used so I assign it to SS, QSS, transient.

All this said I would like to hear from other people on this matter. The main thing should be adding content but I would like to still hear from others...

Suspension Geometry and Kinematics

2020-05-23T10:28:06Z

Bertaveira: add to VD as well

==Track width==
==Wheelbase==
==Camber==
==Toe==
==Kingpin==
==Caster==
==Roll Center==
==Bump Center==
[[Category:Suspension]][[Category:Vehicle Dynamics]]

Tires

2020-05-23T10:27:43Z

Bertaveira: Add to vehicle dynamics as well

Good smelling round things
=Theory Stuff=
[[G-g Diagram|G-g Diagram]]

=List of Tires=
[https://www.millikenresearch.com/fsaettc.html Formula SAE Tire Test Consortium]

[https://www.hoosiertire.com/tires/circuit/spec/#panel-spec Hoosier Tires FSAE 2020]

[http://www.avonmotorsport.com/resource-centre/tyre-applications/sae-formula-student Avon Tyres Formula Student]

 

==Dry==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Make'''
|'''Model'''
|'''Size'''
|'''Weight'''
|'''Comments'''
|'''TTC'''
|-
|Continental
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Goodyear
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9"|Hoosier <code><ref>https://www.hoosiertire.com/images/content/files/FormulaSAE19(1).pdf</ref></code> 
|
|16.0 x 6.0-10 
|~3.2kg 
|
|
|-
|
|16.0 x 7.5-10
|~3.6kg
|
|
|-
|
|6.0/18.0-10
|~3.6kg
|
|
|-
|
|18.0 x 6.0-10
|~4kg
|
|
|-
|
|18.0 x 7.5-10
|~4.5kg
|
|
|-
|
|19.5 x 6.5-10
|~4.5kg
|
|
|-
|
|19.5 x 7.5-10
|~5kg
|
|
|-
|
|20.5 x 7.0-13
|~5kg
|
|
|-
|
|20.0 x 7.5-13 
|~5.4kg
|
|
|-
|Pirelli 
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==Wet==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Make'''
|'''Model'''
|'''Size'''
|'''Weight'''
|'''Comments'''
|'''TTC'''
|-
| rowspan="2"|Hoosier
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Category:Suspension]][[Category:Vehicle Dynamics]]

=References=
<code><references /></code>

Thread:Talk:VD Simulation/Types of Simulator/reply

2020-05-22T09:49:59Z

Bertaveira:

I don't agree. Types of simulators and Simulations is not the same. You can have a steady state laptime or a transient laptime. In my view, a type of simulator is linked to what we want to obtain as a result. How you obtain the results is the type of simulation (in terms of method).

Therefore you can't mix both concepts. It's like calling the vehicle model a type of simulation... A laptime or a YMD for example are simulators that are based on a simulation type or method that can be steady state or transient for example. The same thing goes to the rest of the subtopics... any of those can use a number of different simulation types (SS, QSS, transient...).

If you find a better name to distinguish both please suggest but I don't agree mixing the two distinct concepts.

The best and easiest way I have found to explain to people and organize simulations is by using always these 3 characteristics to describe any simulator. If you try you'll understand that basically any simulator can be described that way. Examples of simulators characterized:
* YMD, steady state, 4wheel
* Laptime, quasi steady state, pointmass
* Laptime, quasi steady state, 4wheel
* GGV, steady state, 4wheel
* loadcases, steady state, 4wheel
...

Thread:Talk:VD Simulation/Types of Simulator/reply

2020-05-22T09:49:19Z

Bertaveira:

I don't agree. Types of simulators and Simulations is not the same. You can have a steady state laptime or a transient laptime. In my view, a type of simulator is linked to what we want to obtain as a result. How you obtain the results is the type of simulation (in terms of method).

Therefore you can't mix both concepts. It's like calling the vehicle model a type of simulation... A laptime or a YMD for example are simulators that are based on a simulation type or method that can be steady state or transient for example. The same thing goes to the rest of the subtopics... any of those can use a number of different simulation types (SS, QSS, transient...).

If you find a better name to distinguish both please suggest but I don't agree mixing the two distinct concepts.

The best and easiest way I have found to explain to people and organize simulations is by using always these 3 characteristics to describe any simulator. If you try you'll understand that basically any simulator can be described that way. Examples of simulators characterized:
- YMD, steady state, 4wheel
- Laptime, quasi steady state, pointmass
- Laptime, quasi steady state, 4wheel
- GGV, steady state, 4wheel
- loadcases, steady state, 4wheel
...

Thread:Talk:VD Simulation/Types of Simulator/reply

2020-05-22T09:42:49Z

Bertaveira: Reply to Types of Simulator

Introduction to VD Simulation

2020-05-20T13:40:47Z

Bertaveira: /* Types of Simulators */

[[Category: VD Simulation]]

==Types of Simulators==
===Laptime===

===Step Sim===

===YMD===

===GGV generator===

===Load Cases===

==Types of Simulation==

===Steady-State===

===Quasi-Steady-State===

===Transient===

==Vehicle Models==
===Point Mass===
{{Main|Point Mass Model}}

===Bicycle===
{{Main|Bicycle Model}}

===4 Wheel===

==Commercial Available Software==

Formula Student Teams Available Software

Introduction to VD Simulation

2020-05-20T13:28:43Z

Bertaveira: More subtitles and formatation

[[Category: VD Simulation]]

==Types of Simulators==
===Laptime===

===Step Sim===

===YMD===

===Load Cases===

==Types of Simulation==

===Steady-State===

===Quasi-Steady-State===

===Transient===

==Vehicle Models==
===Point Mass===
{{Main|Point Mass Model}}

===Bicycle===
{{Main|Bicycle Model}}

===4 Wheel===

==Commercial Available Software==

Formula Student Teams Available Software

Thread:Talk:Fswiki/Just being picky.../reply (4)

2020-05-18T08:07:27Z

Bertaveira: Reply to Just being picky...

haha don't worry about it. Like I said I am just being picky and to be honest the domain is fswiki.us not fsaewiki.us so I guess it is half European half US XD

User:Bertaveira

2020-05-16T19:48:03Z

Bertaveira: Created page with "Hi"

Thread:Talk:Fswiki/Just being picky...

2020-05-16T19:47:06Z

Bertaveira: New thread: Just being picky...

Is it just me that is a tiny bit annoyed and left out that the URL is .us? I mean... Formula Student is not just in the US...

Besides that great initiative and I hope in a year this will be a big source of information for all students.

Thread:Talk:Weight/Mass or Weight

2020-05-16T19:38:40Z

Bertaveira: New thread: Mass or Weight

I don't think it makes much sense for this page to be called weight. Mass is the right term in my opinion. Just added a section about Non-suspended mass. I can't say Non-Suspended weight because we care about mass not weight. Weight is just product of the mass. Even worse in my opinion is talking about Inertia dependent of weight. Correct me if I'm wrong but if this is a page about mass we have more freedom. Talking about weight on a page about mass seems ok but the opposite seems strange. It is like talking about aerodynamics in general in a page about the coefficient of lift. Maybe I am just being picky idk...

Mass

2020-05-16T19:31:09Z

Bertaveira: Add Non-suspended mass section

'''Weight '''is a result of the Earth's gravity pulling the mass of the vehicle towards the center of the Earth. In terms of vehicle dynamics, the main effect of mass is to change the inertia of the vehicle which affects the way the vehicle accelerates and rotates. The position and amount of weight of the vehicle also affects vehicle handling and stability.
==Center of Mass/Center of Gravity==
The [[Center of_Gravity_(CG)|center of mass]] is the point that describes the average of the mass and position of every part of the vehicle, while the center of gravity is the point that describes the average of the weight and position of every part of the vehicle. For the purposes of this article, center of mass and center of gravity will be used interchangeably.

==Inertia==
According to Newton's 1st Law, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion. We are familiar with this concept in the form of momentum. As a general rule, engineers try to reduce the inertia of the vehicle in order to increase the maximum acceleration of the vehicle.
===Polar Moment of Inertia===
The Polar Moment of Inertia is defined by how far the mass is from the pivot point. When the mass is closer to either end, you have a high polar moment of inertia, and when the mass is centralized close to the pivot point, you have a low polar moment of inertia. Mid-engine cars are considered the best layout for Road Racing because of their low polar moment of inertia, since both the Engine and Driver are in between the wheel axes.
==Weight Transfer==
Weight transfer is a result of the vehicle accelerating. When a vehicle accelerates (for example when turning or braking), the tires create a moment that causes the vertical force applied to each tire to change. This can be seen by drawing the forces applied to a vehicle. Using Newton's 2nd Law we can calculate the forces on each tire in a steady state situation.

==Non-Suspended Mass==
The non suspended mass is the mass that, as the name implies, is not suspended. For example the tyres are non suspended mass. There are however parts of the car that are quite hard to describe as only suspended or non-suspended mass. Parts like the push rod can be partially suspended. Because of this we need ways to measure the non-suspended part of the vehicle's mass. There are three main ways of doing this.
===English Method===
Measure the mass of all suspension components and assume that only a third is suspended while the rest is non-suspended.
===Scale Method===
Make sure the car is in ready to race condition with tyres (at least when it comes to wheel and suspension). Raise the car and put a weight scale under the tyre. Mke sure the raise the car just enough for the wheels not to be touching the scale but as close to touching as possible. Then disconnect the pushrod from the chassis side. Let the wheel fall onto the scale and the mass you measure is the non-suspended mass of that wheel. Do this for all four wheel to obtain the total non-suspended mass.
===Analytical Method===

[[Category:Vehicle Dynamics]]

Mass

2020-05-16T19:10:59Z

Bertaveira: Add link to center of mass page

Center of Gravity

2020-05-16T19:07:52Z

Bertaveira:

[[Category:Name]]
The '''center of gravity''' (also referred to as '''center of mass''' or '''CG''') isthe average location of the weight of the car. The point in space that sums the vehicles mass in a single point. To put it in simple to visualize terms, if we could suspend the car from that point only we would not witness any forces twisting the car into a specific orientation since the mass would be equally distributed in all three dimensions.
==Measure the CG==
===Total Vehicle CG===
Measuring the total planar center of gravity is fairly easy with only 4 weight scales, one under each tyre. We say total because we are not making a distinction between non-suspended and suspended mass. Make sure you're in a leveled floor so that the weight on the scales doesn't get influenced by inclination.

We can start by determining the distance of the CG to the front axle. This is also normally referred to as the distance "'''a'''". <math>a = \frac{ W_{rear} }{ W_{total} } Wb</math>

Where <math>Wb</math> corresponds to the wheelbase of the car (distance between axles), <math>W_{rear}</math> the rear weight (sum of both rear tyre scales) and <math>W_{front}</math>the front weight (sum of both front tyre scales). From this we can get the distance normally referred as '''"b"'''(from rear axle to CG) just by subtracting from the wheelbase:

<math>b = \frac{ W_{front} }{ W_{total} } Wb = Wb - a</math>

You can also apply the same formulas to find lateral location of the center of gravity. For a balanced and best performing car all around it should be in the center longitudinal line of the car but it should be measured to find if this is true for a specific car. We can call this measurement of distance of CG to the side as "'''c'''" for example and calculate it as such:

<math>c = \frac{ W_{left} }{ W_{total} } Track</math>

Once again the advised it for "'''c'''" to be half the track of the car. For cars with different front and rear tracks you can still calculate this "'''c'''".

Now for determining the '''height of the center of gravity''' we need to tilt the car around one of the horizontal axis. This could be with a tilt table or just by raising both the front or the rear wheels (as illustrated on Figure 1).[[File:Image010.jpg|link=http://www.thecartech.com/subjects/auto_eng/Center_of_Gravity.htm|right|middle|thumb|Figure 1 - Measuring height of the CG]]

[under construction - Formula missing]
==Optimum Center of Gravity==

[[Category:Vehicle Dynamics]]

Center of Gravity

2020-05-16T19:05:50Z

Bertaveira: Starting point (still incomplete)

The '''center of gravity''' (also referred to as '''center of mass''' or '''CG''') isthe average location of the weight of the car. The point in space that sums the vehicles mass in a single point. To put it in simple to visualize terms, if we could suspend the car from that point only we would not witness any forces twisting the car into a specific orientation since the mass would be equally distributed in all three dimensions.
==Measure the CG==
===Total Vehicle CG===
Measuring the total planar center of gravity is fairly easy with only 4 weight scales, one under each tyre. We say total because we are not making a distinction between non-suspended and suspended mass. Make sure you're in a leveled floor so that the weight on the scales doesn't get influenced by inclination.

We can start by determining the distance of the CG to the front axle. This is also normally referred to as the distance "'''a'''". <math>a = \frac{ W_{rear} }{ W_{total} } Wb</math>

Where <math>Wb</math> corresponds to the wheelbase of the car (distance between axles), <math>W_{rear}</math> the rear weight (sum of both rear tyre scales) and <math>W_{front}</math>the front weight (sum of both front tyre scales). From this we can get the distance normally referred as '''"b"'''(from rear axle to CG) just by subtracting from the wheelbase:

<math>b = \frac{ W_{front} }{ W_{total} } Wb = Wb - a</math>

You can also apply the same formulas to find lateral location of the center of gravity. For a balanced and best performing car all around it should be in the center longitudinal line of the car but it should be measured to find if this is true for a specific car. We can call this measurement of distance of CG to the side as "'''c'''" for example and calculate it as such:

<math>c = \frac{ W_{left} }{ W_{total} } Track</math>

Once again the advised it for "'''c'''" to be half the track of the car. For cars with different front and rear tracks you can still calculate this "'''c'''".

Now for determining the '''height of the center of gravity''' we need to tilt the car around one of the horizontal axis. This could be with a tilt table or just by raising both the front or the rear wheels (as illustrated on Figure 1).[[File:Image010.jpg|link=http://www.thecartech.com/subjects/auto_eng/Center_of_Gravity.htm|right|middle|thumb|Figure 1 - Measuring height of the CG]]

[under construction - Formula missing]
==Optimum Center of Gravity==

File:Image010.jpg

2020-05-16T18:57:26Z

Bertaveira:

Credits to http://www.thecartech.com/

Thread:Category talk:Vehicle Dynamics/Subcategories that make sense/reply (8)

2020-05-15T09:59:57Z

Bertaveira: Reply to Subcategories that make sense

I agree. It would be interesting but I don't think it should be under the VD category

Thread:Category talk:Vehicle Dynamics/Subcategories that make sense/reply (7)

2020-05-15T09:58:39Z

Bertaveira: Reply to Subcategories that make sense

My team had the same problem in our wiki. We ended up calling every subcategory following this pattern: "VD - Simulation", "PT - Simulation", "VD - Theory"... Either this or we make the subcategory simulation both for PT and VD at the same time.

As for suspension I think the "Suspension Geometry" could be a subcategory of VD and Suspension at the same time if it is allowed to.

Thread:Category talk:Vehicle Dynamics/Subcategories that make sense/reply (6)

2020-05-15T09:54:57Z

Bertaveira: Reply to Subcategories that make sense

I understand about the suspension geometry being in the suspension category but I don't agree with the tyres being also under suspension.

I think it is either under VD or a category of itself. Suspension team members don't usually need to have that much knowledge about tyres. It is more a VD thing and is used for basically every subcategory of VD (simulation, control, suspension geometry...).

Thread:Category talk:Vehicle Dynamics/Subcategories that make sense

2020-05-14T11:34:00Z

Bertaveira: New thread: Subcategories that make sense

My suggestion is:
* Theory
* Simulation
* Suspension Geometry (maybe here or in suspension...)
* Control Systems
* Tuning
* Tyres
* Testing and Validation

Category talk:Vehicle Dynamics

2020-05-14T11:34:00Z

Bertaveira: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Teams

2020-05-14T11:22:27Z

Bertaveira: add FST Lisboa

[[Category:Team]]

==North American Teams==
===Canada===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Concordia Formula Racing
| align="left"|Montréal, QC
|-
| align="left"|Formula uOttawa
| align="left"|Ottawa, ON
|-
| align="left"|Formule ETS
| align="left"|Montréal, QC
|-
| align="left"|Gryphon Racing
| align="left"|Guelph, ON
|-
| align="left"|McGill Formula Electric (MFE)
| align="left"|Montréal, QC
|-
| align="left"|Queen's Formula SAE
| align="left"|Kingston, ON
|-
| align="left"|Schulich Racing
| align="left"|Calgary, AB
|-
| align="left"|UMSAE Polar Bear Racing
| align="left"|Winnipeg, MB
|-
| align="left"|UMSAE Polar Bear Racing Electric
| align="left"|Winnipeg, MB
|-
| align="left"|UTFR - UofT Formula Racing
| align="left"|Toronto, ON
|-
| align="left"|Waterloo Formula Electric
| align="left"|Waterloo, ON
|}

===United States===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Bruin Racing FSAE
| align="left"|Los Angeles, CA
|-
| align="left"|CalBaptist Racing
| align="left"|Riverside, CA
|-
| align="left"|Carnegie Mellon Racing
| align="left"|Pittsburgh, PA
|-
| align="left"|Clemson University Formula SAE
| align="left"|Clemson, SC
|-
| align="left"|Crimson Racing
| align="left"|Tuscaloosa, AL
|-
| align="left"|CSUF Titan Racing
| align="left"|Fullerton, CA
|-
| align="left"|Cyclone Racing
| align="left"|Ames, IA
|-
| align="left"|Global Formula Racing
| align="left"|Corvallis, OR
|-
| align="left"|GT Motorsports
| align="left"|Atlanta, GA
|-
| align="left"|Husky Formula Racing
| align="left"|St. Could, MN
|-
| align="left"|Jayhawk Motorsports
| align="left"|Lawrence, KS
|-
| align="left"|Kettering University Formula SAE
| align="left"|Flint, MI
|-
| align="left"|KSU Motorsports
| align="left"|Kennesaw, GA
|-
| align="left"|Michigan State Formula Racing
| align="left"|East Lansing, MI
|-
| align="left"|Mines Formula
| align="left"|Golden, CO
|-
| align="left"|Mizzou Racing
| align="left"|Columbia, MO
|-
| align="left"|Panther Motorsports
| align="left"|Miami, FL
|-
| align="left"|[//facebook.com/pittfsae Panther Racing]
| align="left"|Pittsburgh, PA
|-
| align="left"|Penn State Racing
| align="left"|University Park, PA
|-
| align="left"|Powercat Motorsports
| align="left"|Manhattan, KS
|-
| align="left"|Purdue Formula SAE
| align="left"|W. Lafayette, IN
|-
| align="left"|SLU – Parks Racing
| align="left"|St. Louis, MO
|-
| align="left"|Rensselaer Motorsport
| align="left"|Troy, NY
|-
| align="left"|RIT Racing
| align="left"|Rochester, NY
|-
| align="left"|RoadRunner Racing
| align="left"|San Antonio, TX
|-
| align="left"|Rutgers Formula Racing
| align="left"|Piscataway, NJ
|-
| align="left"|The Sooner Racing Team
| align="left"|Norman, OK
|-
| align="left"|TTU Motorsports
| align="left"|Cookeville, TN
|-
| align="left"|UC Davis Formula Racing
| align="left"|Davis, CA
|-
| align="left"|USC Racing
| align="left"|Los Angeles, CA, USA
|-
| align="left"|UTA Racing Formula SAE
| align="left"|Arlington, TX
|-
| align="left"|Velox Racing
| align="left"|San Antonio, TX
|-
| align="left"|Viking Motorsports
| align="left"|Portland, OR
|-
| align="left"|VT Motorsports
| align="left"|Blacksburg, VA
|-
| align="left"|Warrior Racing
| align="left"|Detroit, MI
|-
| align="left"|Wildcat Formula Racing
| align="left"|Tucson, AZ
|-
| align="left"|Wisconsin Racing (Combustion & Electric
| align="left"|Madison, WI
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.wwuracing.com WWU Racing]
| align="left"|Bellingham, WA
|}

----

==European Teams==
===Austria===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 354px;" data-mce-style="width: 354px;"
|-
! style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|Team Link
! style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Location
|-
| style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|[https://www.joanneum-racing.at/ Joanneum Racing Graz]
| style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Graz, Austria
|-
| style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|[https://racing.tugraz.at/de/ TU Graz Racing]
| style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Graz, Austria
|}

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|FSRacing Team
| align="left"|Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|}

===Finland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Tampere UAS Motorsport
| align="left"|Tampere, Finland
|}

===Germany===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Dart Racing
| align="left"|Darmstadt
|-
| align="left"|E.Stall Esslingen
| align="left"|Göppingen
|-
| align="left"|Ecurie Aix
| align="left"|Aachen
|-
| align="left"|Race-Ing Team
| align="left"|Dortmund
|-
| align="left"|Rennteam
| align="left"|Stuttgart
|-
| align="left"|Rennstall Esslingen
| align="left"|Esslingen
|-
| align="left"|Running Snail Racing Team
| align="left"|Amberg
|-
| align="left"|Strohm + Söhne
| align="left"|Nuremberg
|-
| align="left"|Dynamics e.V.
| align="left"|Regensburg
|}

===Greece===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|TEIWM Racing Team
| align="left"|Kozani
|}

===Iceland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Team Sleipnir
| align="left"|Reykjavik
|-
| align="left"|Team Spark
| align="left"|Reykjavik
|}

===Ireland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Formula Trinity
| align="left"|Dublin
|}

===Netherlands===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|FS Team Delft
| align="left"|Delft
|-
| align="left"|University Racing Eindhoven
| align="left"|Eindhoven
|}

===Poland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|AGH Racing
| align="left"|Krakow, Poland
|-
| align="left"|Silesia Automotive
| align="left"|Katowice, Poland
|-
| align="left"|PWR Racing Team
| align="left"|Wroclaw, Poland
|}

===Portugal===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|[https://fstlisboa.com/ FST Lisboa]
| style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Lisbon, Portugal
|}

===Slovenia===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|UNI Maribor GPE
| align="left"|Maribor
|}

===Switzerland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|AMZracing
| align="left"|Zürich
|}

===Sweden===

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 151px;" width="301" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" data-mce-style="height: 151px;"
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
! style="height: 16px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 16px; width: 190.813px;"|Team Link
! style="height: 16px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 16px; width: 84.8125px;"|Location
|- style="height: 2px;" data-mce-style="height: 2px;"
| style="height: 2px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 2px; width: 190.813px;"|Chalmers Formula Student
| style="height: 2px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 2px; width: 84.8125px;"|Gothenburg
|- style="height: 4px;" data-mce-style="height: 4px;"
| style="height: 4px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 4px; width: 190.813px;"|Clear River Racing
| style="height: 4px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 4px; width: 84.8125px;"|Karlstad
|- style="height: 7px;" data-mce-style="height: 7px;"
| style="height: 7px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 7px; width: 190.813px;"|KTH Formula Student
| style="height: 7px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 7px; width: 84.8125px;"|Stockholm
|- style="height: 1px;" data-mce-style="height: 1px;"
| style="height: 1px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1px; width: 190.813px;"|LiU Formula Student
| style="height: 1px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1px; width: 84.8125px;"|Linköping
|- style="height: 1.625px;" data-mce-style="height: 1.625px;"
| style="height: 1.625px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1.625px; width: 190.813px;"|Lund Formula Student
| style="height: 1.625px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1.625px; width: 84.8125px;"|Lund
|}

===Ukraine===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|FS ONPU
| align="left"|Odessa
|}

===United Kingdom===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Cardiff Racing
| align="left"|Cardiff, UK
|-
| align="left"|Oxford Brooks Racing
| align="left"|Oxford, UK
|-
| align="left"|Leeds Formula Race Team
| align="left"|Leeds, UK
|-
| align="left"|LJMU e-Racing
| align="left"|Liverpool, UK
|-
| align="left"|Team Bath Racing Electric
| align="left"|Bath, UK
|-
| align="left"|UBRacing
| align="left"|Birmingham, UK
|-
| align="left"|Sheffield Formula Racing
| align="left"|Sheffield, UK
|}

----

==South American Teams==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|EESC USP Formula SAE
| align="left"|São Carlos, Brazil
|-
| align="left"|Equipe Poli Racing
| align="left"|São Paulo, Brazil
|}

----

==Asian & Pacific Teams==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|TaipeiTechRacing
| align="left"|Taipei, Taiwan
|-
| align="left"|TDU Racing
| align="left"|Tokyo, Japan
|-
| align="left"|University of Auckland
| align="left"|Auckland, New Zealand
|}

===Australia===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Curtin University
| align="left"|Perth
|-
| align="left"|Monash Motorsport
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|RMIT Racing
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|RMIT Electric Racing
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|Team Swinburne
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|UOW Motorsport
| align="left"|Wollongong
|-
| align="left"|[//www.uqracing.com UQ Racing ]
| align="left"|Brisbane, QLD
|}

===India===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Raftar Formula Racing, IIT-Madras
| align="left"|Chennai, India
|-
| align="left"|DJS Racing
| align="left"|Mumbai
|-
| align="left"|Fierce formula India
| align="left"|Hyderabad, India
|-
| align="left"|Pravega Racing
| align="left"|India
|-
| align="left"|Team Acceleracers
| align="left"|Pune, India
|-
| align="left"|Team Defianz Racing
| align="left"|New Delhi, India
|-
| align="left"|VITC Formula Electric
| align="left"|India
|-
| align="left"|Zurra Formula Racing
| align="left"|Chennai, India
|-
| align="left"|Orion Racing India
| align="left"|Mumbai, India
|}

----

==Middle East & African Teams==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Formula Electric Racing NUST
| align="left"|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
| align="left"|NED Racers
| align="left"|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
| align="left"|NUST Formula Student Team
| align="left"|Karachi, Pakistan
|}