fswiki.us - User contributions [en]

Types of Suspensions

2020-06-26T01:28:00Z

Benjmyn: Created page with "Category:Suspension Non/Semi-Independent -Beam Axle -De Dion Independent: -Macpherson -Equal Parallel DWB -Unequal Parallel DWB -Unequal..."

[[Category:Suspension]]

Non/Semi-Independent

-Beam Axle

-De Dion

Independent:

-Macpherson

-Equal Parallel DWB

-Unequal Parallel DWB

-Unequal Nonparallel DWB

Aluminum

2020-06-24T00:59:07Z

Benjmyn: /* 6061-T6 */

A metal which is commonly used for its light weight property while still being somewhat strong.

How to read the aluminum material names.

1xxx Aluminum, 99% minimum

2xxx Copper

3xxx Manganese

4xxx Silicon

5xxx Magnesium

6xxx Magnesium and Silicon

7xxx Zinc

8xxx Other Element

9xxx Unused

Fatigue Analogy: Aluminum runs short sprints while steel does marathons/
=1000 Series=
The 1000 series has "excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, low mechanical properties, and excellent workability."
==1100==
Used in soft solid rivets

=2000 Series=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==2024==
=3000 Series=
The 3000 series is best for non-structural uses. 3003 is a notable alloy for being easy to weld.
==3003==
3003 is 20% stronger than the 1000 series but is about as workable as pure aluminum. It can be TIG or gas welded, and is non-heat treatable. 3003-H14 is malleable and weldable. (<a href="https://www.oldcarsweekly.com/restoration/metalworking-101-fundamentals-of-fabrication">https://www.oldcarsweekly.com/restoration/metalworking-101-fundamentals-of-fabrication</a>)

=5000 Series=
5000 series alloys are used for tanks and fluid lines, and are moderate- to high-strength nonheat-treatable.
==5xxx==
=6000 Series=
The 6000 series has medium strength and good formability and corrosion resistance. A notable alloy is 6061.
==6061-T6==
High strength but somewhat brittle, hard to weld and may create stress cracks at the weld.

=7000 Series=
The 7000 series can be high-strength, with a notable alloy being 7075.
==7075-T6==
[[Category:Materials]]

Aluminum

2020-06-24T00:57:46Z

Benjmyn: /* 3003 */

A metal which is commonly used for its light weight property while still being somewhat strong.

How to read the aluminum material names.

1xxx Aluminum, 99% minimum

2xxx Copper

3xxx Manganese

4xxx Silicon

5xxx Magnesium

6xxx Magnesium and Silicon

7xxx Zinc

8xxx Other Element

9xxx Unused

Fatigue Analogy: Aluminum runs short sprints while steel does marathons/
=1000 Series=
The 1000 series has "excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, low mechanical properties, and excellent workability."
==1100==
Used in soft solid rivets

=2000 Series=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==2024==
=3000 Series=
The 3000 series is best for non-structural uses. 3003 is a notable alloy for being easy to weld.
==3003==
3003 is 20% stronger than the 1000 series but is about as workable as pure aluminum. It can be TIG or gas welded, and is non-heat treatable. 3003-H14 is malleable and weldable. (<a href="https://www.oldcarsweekly.com/restoration/metalworking-101-fundamentals-of-fabrication">https://www.oldcarsweekly.com/restoration/metalworking-101-fundamentals-of-fabrication</a>)

=5000 Series=
5000 series alloys are used for tanks and fluid lines, and are moderate- to high-strength nonheat-treatable.
==5xxx==
=6000 Series=
The 6000 series has medium strength and good formability and corrosion resistance. A notable alloy is 6061.
==6061-T6==
=7000 Series=
The 7000 series can be high-strength, with a notable alloy being 7075.
==7075-T6==
[[Category:Materials]]

Tube Frame

2020-06-23T02:17:42Z

Benjmyn: /* Alloys */

[[Category:Chassis]]

A tube frame or space frame is a chassis constructed from rigid truss members attached in a three-dimensional structure with the body panels having little or no structural function. Stiffness is maximised by triangulating the tubing to ensure that the tubes are not loaded in bending.

==Design==
Designing the tube frame is a compromise between structural rigidity, weight, and manufacturing complexity while complying to the rules. One thing to remember is that the frame is basically a glorified bracket. As such, the frame designer is primarely concerned with accomedating other systems - in approximate order of importance:
* Ergonomics: the driver
* Suspension: A-arm pickup points, and less importantly the damper linkage (it can meet the design requirements in a few arrangements usually)
* Powertrain/drivetrain: differential mounting is usually heavily reliant on frame. Engine removability!
* Aero: things like ground clearence and framerail width for undertray.
* Electrical: can usually work around everyone, right?

===Driver Accomedation and CAD basics===
It is helpful to start the frame CAD with a "driver sketch", so that the driver dimensions and margins of safety past the rules will set the dimensions of the entire frame. A driver sketch can look like this:

[[File:Image159.png|center|middle|thumb|Driver Sketch ]]

with a seprate sketch building up the Side view frame around it:

[[File:Image80.png|center|middle|thumb|Driver Sketch and Side View Frame ]]The frame CAD is best set up with the help of both 2D and 3D sketches, and then with the use of "Weldments" - basically pre-configured sweep features, that get generated ontop of the sketches (the sketch being the neutral axis of the tube). It makes things quite easy to make, and to export later - Solidworks generates a "cut list", that is like a BOM but for tubes.

As part of smart CAD practice, it is best to have a "master sketch" (or a few in this case due to the complexity) - so that the entire frame design is controlled at the top of the part tree, and so that you dont have to go to 10 different features just to make one change. Learn to work with driven dimensions, and construction geometry. 3D sketches are computationally difficult, so you may occasionally see weird bugs with things going over defined even though they shouldnt. To mitigate this, keep complexity to a minimum, by reducing the number of dimensions and sketch lines per 3D sketch. One example layout would be this:
* Driver Sketch (2D) 
* Side View frame (2D)
* Bulkhead (2D, usually)
* Front Hoop (2D or 3D sketch on a plane)
* Main Hoop (3D sketch on a plane)
* Front tubes (3D)
* Middle tubes (3D)
* Rear tubes (3D)
* Suspension 2d, then 3d.

You get the idea.

[[File:Image167.png|center|middle|thumb|Front Tubes, with bulkhead and FRH visible]]
It is helpful to use in-context relations to deliver the suspension geometry to the a-arms, bellcranks, uprights, etc. That way, all adjustments to the geometry can be done in the frame file, and the changes would be up dated on assembly rebuild.[[File:Image107.png|center|middle|thumb|Suspension Integration into Frame file]]

======
===Triangulation===
Proper triangulation makes sure that the tubes are not loaded in bending. Full triangulation is probably impossible given that the driver like, can't have a frame member through their torso, but please try?

Note that because some tubes will inevitably take bending (primarely the side impact structure, due to impossible triangulation from the big empty space the driver occupies), there should be emphasis on reducing tube aspect ratio (by either upping diameter or reducing length), and adding gussets.
===Tube Choice===
====Alloys====
[[Steel#1000 Series|10XX steel]] is cheap, easy to weld, readily available, and easy to machine.

[[Steel#4000 Series|41XX steel]] is more expensive but stronger, more difficult to weld and machine (prone to cracking, heat treat required).

Aluminum?

3mm minimum wall thickness, treated in SES as if it were welded unless comprehensive proof shown that it wasn't exposed to heat that would ruin the strength properties

====Method====
ERW, DOM

==Manufacturing==
Many teams use "VR3 Engineering" to produce their tubeset. This is an all inclusive (bending and cutting) service, and will be in the 3000-5000$ range for frame and suspension, depending on complexity and shipping. The upside is substantial time saved - their process is nearly fully automated, and the manufacturing process limits are fairly minimal.
===Cutting tubes===
Cutting tubes to intersect each other is called coping or notching. Tubes can be notched by hand typically using a hole saw notcher, bench grinder, or die grinder. This process is very time consuming and meticulous. Tubes can also be profiled using a water jet or laser cutter.
===Tube bending===
Bending the tubes by hand

Using CNC tube benders

Any motorcycle builders around? They can have tools for 1" tubing.

===VR3 Engineering - Specifics===
This is a schematic of the tube cutting setup:
[[File:image16.png|center|middle|thumb]]

<a class="image"><img alt="Image16.png" src="/images/thumb/9/9d/Image16.png/300px-Image16.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="thumbimage" srcset="/images/9/9d/Image16.png 1.5x"></a> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a>

Their machine has a vertical mill head (1/8in diameter) and a rotating feeder cuff. This means that in the default 3-axis configuration (and for round tubes), the end-mill is always perpendicular to the tube surface being cut. This matters for tolerances/fit.You can request them to use the 4th axis on round tubes where a very tight tolerance is required. For the Ryerson 2020 car, we asked for it on the a-arm tubes, which are .5in diameter.But for all other frame tubes, it is of no consequence, the tube will still fit very well, as intended.

[[File:Image99.png|center|middle|thumb|3 vs 4 axis ]]

===Fixtures===
Fixtures (also known as jigs) indicate the location of tubes within the frame. Fixtures can be made of many materials. Fixtures should start measurement from a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datum_reference datum] (for example the front bulkhead). From the datum, important tubes should next be fixtured (suspension points, roll hoops, etc...).

(Fixture gallery?)

===Welding===
{{Main|Welding}}
Tubes should be cleaned before welding. Joints should have minimal gaps, otherwise welding will be difficult. Tubes must be welded around the entire circumference (rules link).

==Analysis==
Goal:[[File:Image152.png|right|middle|thumb|Torsional stiffness FEA in solidworks]]

<a class="image"><img alt="" src="/images/thumb/0/0b/Image152.png/300px-Image152.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="/images/thumb/0/0b/Image152.png/450px-Image152.png 1.5x, /images/thumb/0/0b/Image152.png/600px-Image152.png 2x"></a> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a>Torsional stiffness FEA in solidworks

* To test totsional rigidity, camber (lateral) rigidity, and perhaps also toe rigidity
* To stiffen frame where needed, and change up layouts
* To make sure it doesnt break, or is too close to low FOS where welds may crack
* Frequency analysis perhaps? 

Problem:
* Solid body FEA with a triangle mesh is too time consuming, for a 50+ tube frame. IF you have to, export small sections and do a small contained study (outlined below)
* Theres a quicker method - beam FEA. It makes a mesh of “pie cuts” of tubes. Way less mesh data, but very good accuracy still - a whole frame sim can run in ~30sec, on a laptop.
* It does not capture tab interfaces etc, but it does caputre member stresses.
* Cannot do an assembly simulation in it, but can simulate pivotable “joints”

===Torsional FEA (Beam sim) Workflow (Solidworks):===

# Put in a mock “engine” as just a bunch of tubes, triangulated to be stiff.
# Put in mock a-arms (lower arms only, upper arent needed unless doing camber stiffness) and pushrods
# Modify the appropriate joints to “hinges” (by right clicking on a member in the cutlist folder in the tree, and clicking "edit definition")
# Apply “immovable (allowing rotation) fixtures to 3 wheel, apply 100lb upwards to the 4th.
# Bellcrank can be done but its complex computationally and my best way was to treat as direct actuation (getting decently accurate), and then performing a separate exported section get simulated with an assembly simulation - with the actual bellcrank, tabs etc. Then just add up the two deflections.
# [[File:image75.png|right|middle|thumb|FEA setup ]]Run, then view results! to understand if it makes sense, animate it - with the stress view.

Beam FEA Notes:
* Beam FEA doesnt like short members. If you have a short member, ask yourself if it can be “combined” (i.e combine operation) with another. An example is suspension tabs. In our case, they will be combined with the arm tubes.
* Beam FEA also doesnt like arcs - sharper bent tubes (making arcs that are fairly long, like 3inch plus) as nodes should be avoided, as ive had a bunch of weird bugs in FEA where the SIM node of the RRH being an arc just randomly detached
* Beam FEA works with “nodes” that it automatically computes. You can get it to manually compute, based on custom set distances - this helps eliminate (filter out) 2 super close together nodes. But keep in mind, every time you recompute the nodes, your fixtures may change - since their referenced node will change number.
[[File:image41.png|right|middle|thumb|Configuring Hinge Joints]]

===Solid-Body Frame FEA (Soldworks)===
Its not computationally realistic to do a solid body simulation for the entire frame. As such, I recommend exporting a section of interest, and ananlyzing it seperately. For example, the bellcrank mounting, or a-arm tabs. In the case of the bellcrank, you'd be best to include the actual bellcrank as well and perform an assembly simulation. You never know how much it will contribute!

How to export a section? Start from having a fully merged body that includes the tubes/tabs of interest. The extruded tabs have to properly intersect the tube for merging to work. You can use the "combine" feature (just search for it in the command search box) to combine all the bodies together. Once done, right click the body, and click "insert into new part".

Proceed with solid body FEA - NOT beam FEA. Meshing is sometimes tricky, so the addition of fillets as well as mesh control (mesh per part size) helps auto refine the mesh in the sharp edges and prevent the meshing from failing.
==Frame/Susp - Sending out==
If using VR3 engineering to produce your tubeset for you, you have to send out a: 
* BOM Drawing
* VR3 template excel sheet, with a qtys summary
* Once quote approved, indiv tube files.
 Fortunately, a superb guide already exists - on the VR3 website. Its not a super light/easy thing to figure out, and yes you will have some late nights (or one all nighter) trying to send the frame out - usually, due to struggling with the BOM etc - but what do you expect? Not everything in life is a light read. The doc is “SAE Student Guideline”, and is in their documents section of [https://vr3.ca/technical-documents/ their website]

Chain Drive

2020-06-04T00:31:58Z

Benjmyn: /* Sprockets */

A chain and sprocket [[Drivetrain|drive system]] requires lubrication and a [[tensioner|tensioner]].
==Chains==
explain motorcycle chain sizes, ratings.

Chains can be easily lengthened or shortened using quick release links.
===Sealed chain===
Sealed chains use o-rings to seal in a lubricant, great for daily driving. Also used in racing applications. Very common in motorcycle shops.
===Non-Sealed chain===
Non-sealed requires more frequent lubrication application and are commonly used for motocross or low mileage applications.
==Sprockets==
Sprockets are made of [[Steel|steel]]

, [[Aluminum|aluminum]], or [[Titanium|titanium]] and can replaced to change the [[Drivetrain#Final_Drive_Ratio|final drive ratio]]. Sprockets can be bought or easily made by [[Machining#Laser Cutting|laser-cutting]], [[Machining#Water Jetting|water-jetting]], or [[Machining#CNC Machining|CNC machining]].

As the number of teeth decrease, the sprocket will approach a polygon instead of a circle. This is called the polygon effect or chordal action and results in a variation in speed output (Imagine driving on square wheels).<ref>[http://chain-guide.com/basics/2-2-1-chordal-action.html http://chain-guide.com/basics/2-2-1-chordal-action.html]</ref> Typical sprockets don't ever go under 11 or 12 teeth for 35 and 40-series chains.

==Drivetrain Shield==
Chain drives have specific shielding rules in FSAE covered in T.5.2.7 (link to rules) (what about FS?).
==Failure Modes==
If there is excessive sprocket wear, improper chain [[Tensioner|tension]], improperly installed quick release, no lubricant, or if the chain drive is not in the same plane there WILL be a failure. Chain failures can be extremely dangerous for both the vehicle and nearby people. (more on failure modes/design flaws?) +No slip possible in chain drive without failure [https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3058#Chain%20Drive%20Advantages https://www.myodesie.com/wiki/index/returnEntry/id/3058#Chain%20Drive%20Advantages]
==References==
<references />

[[Category:Internal Combustion]][[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Locking Adhesive

2020-05-29T14:56:50Z

Benjmyn: Created page with "Loktite Not Loktite"

Loktite Not Loktite

Center of Gravity

2020-05-25T20:27:51Z

Benjmyn:

The '''center of gravity''' (also referred to as '''center of mass''' or '''CG''') is the average location of the weight of the car. The point in space that sums the vehicles mass in a single point. To put it in simple to visualize terms, if we could suspend the car from that point only we would not witness any forces twisting the car into a specific orientation since the mass would be equally distributed in all three dimensions.
==Measure the CG==
===Total Vehicle CG===
Measuring the total planar center of gravity is fairly easy with only 4 weight scales, one under each tyre. We say total because we are not making a distinction between non-suspended and suspended mass. Make sure you're in a leveled floor so that the weight on the scales doesn't get influenced by inclination.

We can start by determining the distance of the CG to the front axle. This is also normally referred to as the distance "'''a'''". <math>a = \frac{ W_{rear} }{ W_{total} } Wb</math>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a={\frac {W_{rear}}{W_{total}}}Wb}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>W</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>t</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>W</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a={\frac {W_{rear}}{W_{total}}}Wb}</annotation> </semantics></math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c4092ad0e7c49b01dc6f72342d413905b0238702" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.368ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a={\frac {W_{rear}}{W_{total}}}Wb}">

Where <math>Wb</math> corresponds to the wheelbase of the car (distance between axles), <math>W_{rear}</math> the rear weight (sum of both rear tyre scales) and <math>W_{front}</math>the front weight (sum of both front tyre scales). From this we can get the distance normally referred as '''"b"'''(from rear axle to CG) just by subtracting from the wheelbase:

<math>b = \frac{ W_{front} }{ W_{total} } Wb = Wb - a</math>

You can also apply the same formulas to find lateral location of the center of gravity. For a balanced and best performing car all around it should be in the center longitudinal line of the car but it should be measured to find if this is true for a specific car. We can call this measurement of distance of CG to the side as "'''c'''" for example and calculate it as such:

<math>c = \frac{ W_{left} }{ W_{total} } Track</math>

Once again the advised it for "'''c'''" to be half the track of the car. For cars with different front and rear tracks you can still calculate this "'''c'''".

Now for determining the '''height of the center of gravity''' we need to tilt the car around one of the horizontal axis. This could be with a tilt table or just by raising both the front or the rear wheels (as illustrated on Figure 1).[[File:Image010.jpg|link=http://www.thecartech.com/subjects/auto_eng/Center_of_Gravity.htm|right|middle|thumb|Figure 1 - Measuring height of the CG]]

[under construction - Formula missing]

==Optimum Center of Gravity==
[[Category:Vehicle Dynamics]]

==Mass Centroid Axis==
The Mass Centroid axis is measured in sections of the car, it's the axis, which isn't necessarily linear, which goes through every 2-d center-of-gravity. It doesn't have to be measured at every point in the car, you can approximate and get a better sense of the roll center moments, which aren't just measured on a parallel c.o.g. axis to the ground.

[[File:Masscentroid.jpg|right|middle|thumb|The Mass Centroid Axis]]

File:Masscentroid.jpg

2020-05-25T20:26:57Z

Benjmyn:

Washer

2020-05-25T00:44:26Z

Benjmyn: /* Lock washer */

=Types=
==Flat washer==
===Flat washer===
===Fender washer===
==Spring washer==
==Lock washer==
Lock washers do not lock, they resist loosening with varying effectiveness. They're designed to be a spring between the bolt head and what it's fastened in, but they are quite weak.
===Split washer===
===Serrated washer===
===Wedge lock washer===

=Further Reading=

* [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19900009424.pdf NASA Fastener Design Manual]
* Carroll Smith's''Screw to Win''
''[[category:Fasteners]]''

Category:Brakes

2020-05-25T00:41:27Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Vehicle]]

Brakes make the car go stop!

==Brake rotors==
lightening holes are ok - don't drill them yourselves, though

non-flat brake rotors have disadvantages, but overall worth it differences between holes/slots
==Brake calipers==
please don't drill lightening holes in your brake calipers
==Master cylinders==
please don't drill lightening holes in your master cylinder
==Brake balancing==
More front brake = More rear cornering capacity, balance goes towards understeer under braking but could reduce braking times

More rear brake = More front cornering capacity, balance goes towards oversteer under braking but could increase braking times - try braking earlier first, rear brake will not fix a late braking problem from the driver

Damping

2020-05-25T00:31:32Z

Benjmyn: /* Wheelbase */

[[Category:Suspension]]

[[File:Heheunderdumped.png|400px|link=https://www.quora.com/What-are-over-damped-critically-and-under-damped-systems|right|middle|thumb|Over, Under, and Critically Damped]]

==Bump Stops==
Bump stops are ideally a primitive way to have progressive suspension rate, as well as stopping the car from bottoming out. Poorly designed, they raise the suspension stiffness significantly and cause severe over/understeer when hit on either respective end.


==The Shock Absorber/Damper==
The Shock Absorber is commonly mistaken for absorbing shocks because of the American nomenclature, but it's actually the spring that absorbs shocks, and the Shock Absorber that dampens the spring, ideally preventing oscillation in the spring from bump and droop.
==Types of Shock==
Gas filled, two-tube, external & internal


==Wheelbase==
Test full soft & hard, log tests, different drivers have different preferences, etc

help, suspension guy, i beg of you

Damping

2020-05-25T00:31:15Z

Benjmyn:

Damping

2020-05-25T00:28:24Z

Benjmyn:

Damping

2020-05-25T00:27:42Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Suspension]]

[[File:Heheunderdumped.png|400px|link=https://www.quora.com/What-are-over-damped-critically-and-under-damped-systems|right|middle|thumb|Over, Under, and Critically Damped]]

==Bump Stops==
Bump stops are ideally a primitive way to have progressive suspension rate, as well as stopping the car from bottoming out. Poorly designed, they raise the suspension stiffness significantly and cause severe over/understeer when hit on either respective end.


==The Shock Absorber/Damper==
The Shock Absorber is commonly mistaken for absorbing shocks because of the American nomenclature, but it's actually the spring that absorbs shocks, and the Shock Absorber that dampens the spring, ideally preventing oscillation in the spring from bump and droop.

Damping

2020-05-25T00:27:22Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Suspension]]

[[File:Heheunderdumped.png|400px|link=https://www.quora.com/What-are-over-damped-critically-and-under-damped-systems|right|middle|thumb|Over, Under, and Critically Damped]]

==Bump Stops==
Bump stops are ideally a primitive way to have progressive suspension rate, as well as stopping the car from bottoming out. Poorly designed, they raise the suspension stiffness significantly and cause severe over/understeer when hit on either respective end.


==The Shock Absorber/Damper==
The Shock Absorber is commonly mistaken for absorbing shocks because of the American nomenclature, but it's actually the spring that absorbs shocks, and the Shock Absorber that dampens the spring, ideally preventing oscillation in the spring from bump and droop.

Damping

2020-05-25T00:26:41Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Suspension]]

[[File:Heheunderdumped.png|400px|link=https://www.quora.com/What-are-over-damped-critically-and-under-damped-systems|right|middle|thumb|Over, Under, and Critically Damped]]<a><img alt="" src="/images/thumb/f/f2/Heheunderdumped.png/400px-Heheunderdumped.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="/images/thumb/f/f2/Heheunderdumped.png/600px-Heheunderdumped.png 1.5x, /images/f/f2/Heheunderdumped.png 2x"></a> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a>Over, Under, and Critically Damped

==Bump Stops==
Bump stops are ideally a primitive way to have progressive suspension rate, as well as stopping the car from bottoming out. Poorly designed, they raise the suspension stiffness significantly and cause severe over/understeer when hit on either respective end.


==The Shock Absorber/Damper==
The Shock Absorber is commonly mistaken for absorbing shocks because of the American nomenclature, but it's actually the spring that absorbs shocks, and the Shock Absorber that dampens the spring, ideally preventing oscillation in the spring from bump and droop.

Damping

2020-05-25T00:26:03Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Suspension]]

[[File:Heheunderdumped.png|400px|link=https://www.quora.com/What-are-over-damped-critically-and-under-damped-systems|right|middle|thumb|Over, Under, and Critically Damped]]

<a><img alt="" src="/images/thumb/f/f2/Heheunderdumped.png/400px-Heheunderdumped.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="/images/thumb/f/f2/Heheunderdumped.png/600px-Heheunderdumped.png 1.5x, /images/f/f2/Heheunderdumped.png 2x"></a> <a class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a>Over, Under, and Critically Damped

==Bump Stops==
Bump stops are ideally a primitive way to have progressive suspension rate, as well as stopping the car from bottoming out. Poorly designed, they raise the suspension stiffness significantly and cause severe over/understeer when hit on either respective end.


==The Shock Absorber/Damper==
The Shock Absorber is commonly mistaken for absorbing shocks because of the American nomenclature, but it's actually the spring that absorbs shocks, and the Shock Absorber that dampens the spring, ideally preventing oscillation in the spring from bump and droop.

Safety Wire

2020-05-22T01:20:17Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Fasteners]]Used as a secondary positive stop for bolts, safe practice is to use it even if the bolt is loctited in or has a locknut. It is installed through a hole in the bolt or nut so that the wire will be in tension if the fastener tries to loosen itself.

[[File:Safetywire.jpg|right|middle|thumb|Examples of Safety Wiring]]

File:Safetywire.jpg

2020-05-22T01:20:09Z

Benjmyn:

Wire

2020-05-22T01:12:39Z

Benjmyn: /* AWG */

Wire is a single electrical conductor that may or may not be insulated by a jacket. See [[Cable]] for multiple conductors housed within a single jacket.

==Sizing==
===AWG===
American Wire Gauge is the standard system for wire sizing used predominantly in North America. Wire sizes are logarithmically stepped, with a larger gauge signifying a smaller cross section. The formula for calculating diameter of a wire for standard and metric units is as follows:

: <math>d_n = 0.005~\mathrm{inch} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39} = 0.127~\mathrm{mm} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39}</math>
: [[File:AW(oo)G(a).jpg|600px|center|middle|frameless|AWG Chart from https://meters.co.uk/american-wire-gauge-awg-cable-conductor-sizes/]]
:

===Metric===

==Construction==
===Conductor===
====Material====
====Stranded/Solid====
===Jacket===
====Material====
====Temperature Rating====
====Chemical Resistance====
====Abrasion Resistance====

==Electrical Characteristics==
===Ampacity===
===Voltage Rating===
===Resistance===
===Impedance===
===Capacitance===

==Standards==
===SAE Wire Standards===
[[Category:Electronics]]

Wire

2020-05-22T01:12:12Z

Benjmyn: /* AWG */

Wire is a single electrical conductor that may or may not be insulated by a jacket. See [[Cable]] for multiple conductors housed within a single jacket.

==Sizing==
===AWG===
American Wire Gauge is the standard system for wire sizing used predominantly in North America. Wire sizes are logarithmically stepped, with a larger gauge signifying a smaller cross section. The formula for calculating diameter of a wire for standard and metric units is as follows:

: <math>d_n = 0.005~\mathrm{inch} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39} = 0.127~\mathrm{mm} \times 92^\frac{36 - n}{39}</math>
: [[File:AW(oo)G(a).jpg|600px|left|middle|frameless|AWG Chart from https://meters.co.uk/american-wire-gauge-awg-cable-conductor-sizes/]]
:

===Metric===

==Construction==
===Conductor===
====Material====
====Stranded/Solid====
===Jacket===
====Material====
====Temperature Rating====
====Chemical Resistance====
====Abrasion Resistance====

==Electrical Characteristics==
===Ampacity===
===Voltage Rating===
===Resistance===
===Impedance===
===Capacitance===

==Standards==
===SAE Wire Standards===
[[Category:Electronics]]

File:AW(oo)G(a).jpg

2020-05-22T01:11:28Z

Benjmyn:

CAN Bus

2020-05-22T01:08:43Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Electronics]]

yes it can

CAN bus is a networking standard designed for communication between devices in an automotive environment. Because of its versatility and relatively low complexity, it is used in the vast majority of vehicles manufactured today. By letting multiple devices communicate with each-other through a common interface, wiring harness complexity can be reduced.
==CAN==
===Electrical Specification===
===Data Format===
===History===
==CAN FD (Flexible Data-Rate)==
===Electrical Specification===
===Data Format===
===History===

Tensioner

2020-05-22T01:03:30Z

Benjmyn:

A tensioner is a device that applies force to maintain tension. They are used to reduce slack created in [[Chain Drive|chain drive]] and belt drive mechanisms.
=Shims=
design judges HATE him, most structurally sound, most smoothbrain, likely the lightest -assembly +weight -get laughed at by design judges bc they are all biased against it smh my head 
=Idler=
[[File:Chaintension.jpg|right|middle|thumb|A chain tensioner used on a bicycle, from http://www.heatsinkpads.com/store/p12/Heatsink_Ultralight_Chain_Tensioner.html]]
=Eccentric=
big brain time +rigidity +infinite adjustability if using friction (may slip) -design complexity -limited finite number of tensioning options if using shear pins
=Turnbuckle=
-play -wear -packaging -rigidity[citation needed] +infinite adjustability can be done w coarse/fine pitch instead of handedness (i completely forgot what the name is for this kind of turnbuckle, but they have less wear/play [citation needed] but allow a smaller range of motion)[[Category:Internal Combustion]]
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

File:Chaintension.jpg

2020-05-22T01:03:13Z

Benjmyn:

User:Benjmyn

2020-05-19T14:57:02Z

Benjmyn:

Unaffiliated with FSAE, high school student from the east coast.

Rudd's Rules

2020-05-19T00:47:20Z

Benjmyn: hurr durr racecar must do 22km without blowing up

==SURVIVAL RULES (YOURS AND THE DRIVERS)==

# The keywords are elegant simplicity. Each part doing three jobs at least.
# The objective is to win the race. Remember, the car has to finish and a tired, blistered driver won’t help.
# Car must be designed so that a pre-race check can be carried out completely by one man in six hours. Rectification or readjustment is extra.
# Pre-race check sheet is supplied to the operator. With each new type of sheet, operators will add to, but may nor delete from this. Designer starts the sheet, build and development will add to it and engineering director signs it into law.
# (Anti)-roll bar, camber, wing, brake balance bar changes must be possible in five minutes and repeatable. These are no good if they cannot be identified and repeated. Avoid infinite variable screwed adjustment.
# Murphy is a racing mechanic and works for Team Lotus. If it can be assembled the wrong way around he will.
# Never design or cause to be made something that cannot be inspected. Again, never design something that cannot be seen to be safe or that needs special equipment to prove it.
# All spherical bearings need protective covers.
# You can’t change people, so make the car easy to adjust and maintain by easy access.
# A grease seal over a universal near a brake disk is better than none at all. It will fail before it gets renewed so provide a finger disk to direct the grease clear of the brake.
# Stress suspension for a 3g bump on a 2g corner.
# If the driver believes the car is strong enough it’s worth more than one second a lap. Avoid birdcage structures. All tubular structures to be 3-inch circumference. Adjust the gauge for load.
# Never use banjos on the pressure side of the fuel system.
# Never use ‘O’ rings to seal negative pressure.
# All material, including human skin, are notch sensitive – some more than others – so use appropriate radii.
# Remember, all engineering materials are rubber like. They deflect to some degree under the slightest load and will expand to some degree in the presence of even a lighted match. Everything resonates, even brake pipes.
# All flexible fuel and oil lines are to have screwed ends and armoured flexibles.
# Drivers feel corners through the seat of their pants, their heels and above all, under their armpits. Ensure seat back is 100% rigid and fits.
# Gearchange linkages wear, bend and stretch. Provide 100% over-travel clearances in all directions.
# Provide throttle pedal stop at the pedal and the return spring at the throttle slides, preferably in compression so it still works when broken.
# Remember, a frantic driver can put 250lb (113kg) on a pedal or a gearlever.
# Do not try to exceed 20ft (6.1m) per second in a water pipe, you won’t. Neither can you exceed 12ft (3.7m) per second for 30/30 oil.
# 90-degree welded bends, i.e. 45-degree scarf joints, reduce flow by 5% even if you remove internal nuggets. Double cut and shut ie 2 x 22.5-degrees, cost 2% and a 4D radius just ½%.
# Always specify the size of ball you must be able to roll down a pipe system to ensure adequate flow.
# Providing oil and fuel tank dipsticks may prevent a lost race through inaccurate consumption checks.
# Wheel deflections, camber changes and toe steer required during the no spring bump test must be specified on suspension data sheets by designer and countersigned by him when he has seen the test, and a photocopy put into the cars log book.
# Car acceptance test includes proving that the fuel system draws down to one pint (.6 litre) from five gallons (21 litres) whilst running at least at 90% of the test circuit record time.
# Don’t invent new oil tanks, use the ones proved to work. Remember the fluid that comes out of the oil coolers may look like oil, but it contains 25% by volume of air at least.
# Air leaks at the suction side of the oil pump destroy one engine per race. Keep Duckworth poor.
# Brakes recuperate better with a head of fluid above the master cylinder. Low mount the cylinder with a a high separate reservoir, with a big enough pipe. And don’t forget the scent spray. Always pressure bleed.
# Air in motion is the best heat insulator.
# If the airbox is working, there is a load of 150lb inside it and it will bulge or blow off if insecurely fastened. If insecurely fastened and it doesn’t blow off, it doesn’t work.
# You cannot change the basic laws of nature, no one has yet. Let Newton, Charles, Boyle, Bramah and Bernoulli rest in peace.
# Lightening holes should be the last resort of the designer. The most effective way of weight saving is not to start with it.
# Measured over the wheelbase, one axle restrained and lifting one corner of the opposite axle, torsional stiffness of the entire structure must exceed 2,500ft.lbs (3456Nm) per degree. The variation in stiffness per foot of wheelbase must not exceed +/- 10% or 15% between two adjacent sections otherwise fatigue failures are likely.
# Keep suction lines as short and straight and simple as possible: no rubber elbows at pump inlets.
# If there is no other way to join two components together than with bolts, remember they work by stretching between .003” and .005” per inch of length. Make sure they can do, even if you have to provide a waisted section to keep the local stretching near the elastic limit of the material. 3% nickel is best.
# Although titanium is 70% the weight and 1000% the cost of high-grade steel, it is 50% more resilient and 1000% more gall sensitive. Use it with care, after you have assessed maraging steel, which strength for strength is also 70% the weight of high-grade steel, 200% the price and just as rigid.
# Corner weight tolerances +/- 2%. Enter in the cars log book.
# The deflection of the lowest part of the wheel rim, relative to the tub centreline should not exceed the static corner weight/2000” (CW/50.8M) when 1g cornering load is applied. Neither should the camber change by more than 20 degrees during this test.
# All systems must be flow tested before the car is started. Flows required must be marked on the system’s drawings. A bucket and stopwatch is quick and accurate e.g. Fuel system must flow 250 pints/hour with 100psi pressure.
# Keep a pair of every drivers driving shoes or sole patterns, suitably labelled, in the Design Office.
# Remember cars will run with transducers on suspension travel, throttle slides, strain gauges on wishbones and wing mountings and ‘black boxes with invertors’. Bear this in mind without compromising design.
# Always weigh the car before and after paint, including signwriting. Weight increase not to exceed .05%.
# Racing cars get out of line. Always provide and prove 30 degrees of lock so drivers can get them back. Saves one shunt per year.
# Always measure spring frequencies against specifications after no spring bump tests. Designer enters results in log book.
# All log book entries signed legibly and dated.
# Operations will not accept, neither will we offer them a car without a log book, which will show no spring bump tests, toe curves, corner weights, flow tests, tilt rig test results and contains data sheets. Losing the log book is a capital offence.
Signed '''Tony Rudd'''

<a href="https://www.formulastudent.de/pr/news/details/article/pats-final-corner-for-2010/">https://www.formulastudent.de/pr/news/details/article/pats-final-corner-for-2010/</a>

Damping

2020-05-18T20:07:09Z

Benjmyn:

File:Heheunderdumped.png

2020-05-18T20:06:53Z

Benjmyn:

Damping

2020-05-18T00:35:35Z

Benjmyn:

Damping

2020-05-18T00:34:31Z

Benjmyn:

File:OverUnderCriticallyDamped.png

2020-05-18T00:34:18Z

Benjmyn:

Differential

2020-05-18T00:26:33Z

Benjmyn:

==Function of a Differential==
When turning a corner, the outer wheels will follow a path with a greater radius of curvature. This difference in radius means the outside wheels will have to travel a longer distance, and rotate faster than the inside wheels.in a rear wheel drive car, the front two wheels are allowed to rotate at a different rate, so this does not pose a problem. The rear wheels, however, both have to be driven by the engine, and therefore are mechanically connected to each other, so there is no freedom of movement between them inherent in the design.

[need a pic of cornering to demonstrate wheel travel difference]

A differential is a mechanism that allows the two driven wheels to rotate at different speeds to assist in cornering.

==Open Differential==
An open differential is a gear assembly that allows the two rear wheels to spin independently of each other, while maintaining the average rotational speed. If the outside wheel spins faster than it would without the differential, the inside wheel must spin and equivalent amount slower. Similarly, the torque transferred to the ground, but is split in varying amounts between the two rear wheels depending on their relative velocities. The faster spinning wheel will see a proportionally greater amount of torque from the engine.

This torque differential between the two wheels can become problematic in high torque applications where the torque is desired to go to the wheel with the greatest amount of traction, not the greatest rotational velocity, such as corner exit, or corner entry if using an inboard brake. To solve this problem, a differential that can limit the amount of slip is desired.
==Limited Slip Differential==
torsen

clutch-type
==Torque Vectoring==
[[Category:Internal Combustion]]
[[Category:Electric Vehicle]]

Steel

2020-05-17T22:21:36Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Materials]]

Alloys:

1xxx Carbon

2xxx Nickel

3xxx Nickel-Chromium

4xxx Molybdenum

5xxx Chromium

6xxx Chromium-Vanadium

7xxx Tungsten

8xxx Nickel-chrome-molybdenum

9xxx Silicon-Manganese
=1000 Series "Low-carbon Steel"=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==1010-1030==
=3000 Series=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==18-8==
18-8, or 18% Chromium 8% Nickel, is
=4000 Series=
 
==4130==
<brdata-mce-bogus="1" />

<brdata-mce-bogus="1" />

Steel

2020-05-17T22:21:17Z

Benjmyn:

[[Category:Materials]]

Alloys:

1xxx Carbon

2xxx Nickel

3xxx Nickel-Chromium

4xxx Molybdenum

5xxx Chromium

6xxx Chromium-Vanadium

7xxx Tungsten

8xxx Nickel-chrome-molybdenum

9xxx Silicon-Manganese
=1000 Series "Low-carbon Steel"=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==1010-1030==
=3000 Series=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==18-8==
18-8, or 18% Chromium 8% Nickel, is
=4000 Series=
 
==4130==

Aluminum

2020-05-17T22:12:55Z

Benjmyn:

A metal which is commonly used for its light weight property while still being somewhat strong.

How to read the aluminum material names.

1xxx Aluminum, 99% minimum

2xxx Copper

3xxx Manganese

4xxx Silicon

5xxx Magnesium

6xxx Magnesium and Silicon

7xxx Zinc

8xxx Other Element

9xxx Unused

Fatigue Analogy: Aluminum runs short sprints while steel does marathons/
=1000 Series=
The 1000 series has "excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, low mechanical properties, and excellent workability."
==1100==
Used in soft solid rivets

=2000 Series=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==2024==
=3000 Series=
The 3000 series is best for non-structural uses. 3003 is a notable alloy for being easy to weld.
==3003==
=5000 Series=
5000 series alloys are used for tanks and fluid lines, and are moderate- to high-strength nonheat-treatable.
==5xxx==
=6000 Series=
The 6000 series has medium strength and good formability and corrosion resistance. A notable alloy is 6061.
==6061-T6==
=7000 Series=
The 7000 series can be high-strength, with a notable alloy being 7075.
==7075-T6==
[[Category:Materials]]

Aluminum

2020-05-17T22:12:44Z

Benjmyn:

A metal which is commonly used for its light weight property while still being somewhat strong.

How to read the aluminum material names.

1xxx Aluminum, 99% minimum2xxx Copper

3xxx Manganese

4xxx Silicon

5xxx Magnesium

6xxx Magnesium and Silicon

7xxx Zinc

8xxx Other Element

9xxx Unused

Fatigue Analogy: Aluminum runs short sprints while steel does marathons/

=1000 Series=
The 1000 series has "excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, low mechanical properties, and excellent workability."
==1100==
Used in soft solid rivets

=2000 Series=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==2024==
=3000 Series=
The 3000 series is best for non-structural uses. 3003 is a notable alloy for being easy to weld.
==3003==
=5000 Series=
5000 series alloys are used for tanks and fluid lines, and are moderate- to high-strength nonheat-treatable.
==5xxx==
=6000 Series=
The 6000 series has medium strength and good formability and corrosion resistance. A notable alloy is 6061.
==6061-T6==
=7000 Series=
The 7000 series can be high-strength, with a notable alloy being 7075.
==7075-T6==
[[Category:Materials]]

Aluminum

2020-05-17T22:11:35Z

Benjmyn:

A metal which is commonly used for its light weight property while still being somewhat strong.

How to read the aluminum material names.

1xxx Aluminum, 99% minimum
2xxx Copper

3xxx Manganese

4xxx Silicon

5xxx Magnesium

6xxx Magnesium and Silicon

7xxx Zinc

8xxx Other Element

9xxx Unused

Fatigue Analogy: Aluminum runs short sprints while steel does marathons/

=1000 Series=
The 1000 series has "excellent corrosion resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, low mechanical properties, and excellent workability."
==1100==
Used in soft solid rivets

=2000 Series=
The 2000 series is generally heat-treated for optimum properties, and heat-treated properties can exceed mild steel. Notable alloys are 2024, the most widely used alloy in aircraft, and 2117, which is used in solid rivets.
==2024==
=3000 Series=
The 3000 series is best for non-structural uses. 3003 is a notable alloy for being easy to weld.
==3003==
=5000 Series=
5000 series alloys are used for tanks and fluid lines, and are moderate- to high-strength nonheat-treatable.
==5xxx==

=6000 Series=
The 6000 series has medium strength and good formability and corrosion resistance. A notable alloy is 6061.
==6061-T6==
=7000 Series=
The 7000 series can be high-strength, with a notable alloy being 7075.
==7075-T6==
[[Category:Materials]]

Thread:Talk:Fswiki/"Construction" section on front page/reply (3)

2020-05-15T19:17:46Z

Benjmyn: Reply to "Construction" section on front page

Totally, I think a master list is a good idea, depending on how many books stack up, I think you'd want a single page of all the books/articles/papers separate by topics, unless the number of books becomes unmanageable for one page.

Thread:Talk:Fswiki/"Construction" section on front page/reply

2020-05-15T15:05:52Z

Benjmyn: Reply to "Construction" section on front page

Sorry for the rough formatting, this was just an idea dump

Thread:Talk:Fswiki/"Construction" section on front page

2020-05-15T15:05:05Z

Benjmyn: New thread: "Construction" section on front page

I think it'd be valuable to add a section on fasteners (ex. what you'd find in Carroll Smith's book, Kent's MEng Handbook, or aircraft handbooks), materials (alu, steel, titanium, mag, plastics, and composites), and something on tools and welding.
A start being:

==Construction==

Fasteners
>Nuts
>Bolts
>Rivets
>Safetying
> ...

Materials
>Aluminum Alloys
>Ferrous Alloys
>Magnesium Alloys
>Titanium Alloys
>Plastics
>Composites
> ...

Tools
>Hand Tools
>Metal-Cutting Tools
>Drilling, Taps, and Dies
>Sheet Metal Tools
>Forming
>Press-Brake Forming
>Stretch Forming
> ...
> ...

Plumbing
>Solid Lines
>Flexible Lines
>Connections
> ...

Talk:Fswiki

2020-05-15T15:05:05Z

Benjmyn: Talk page autocreated when first thread was posted

Mass

2020-05-15T13:50:05Z

Benjmyn:

'''Weight '''is a result of the Earth's gravity pulling the mass of the vehicle towards the center of the Earth. In terms of vehicle dynamics, the main effect of mass is to change the inertia of the vehicle which affects the way the vehicle accelerates and rotates. The weight of the vehicle also affects vehicle handling and stability.
==Center of Mass/Center of Gravity==
The center of mass is the point that describes the average of the mass and position of every part of the vehicle, while the center of gravity is the point that describes the average of the weight and position of every part of the vehicle. For the purposes of this article, center of mass and center of gravity will be used interchangeably.
==Weight Transfer==
Weight transfer is a result of the vehicle accelerating. When a vehicle accelerates (for example when turning or braking), the tires create a moment that causes the vertical force applied to each tire to change. This can be seen by drawing the forces applied to a vehicle. Using Newton's 2nd Law
==Polar Moment of Inertia==
The Polar Moment of Inertia is defined by how far the mass is from the pivot point. When the mass is closer to either end, you have a high polar moment of inertia, and when the mass is centralized close to the pivot point, you have a low polar moment of inertia. Mid-engine cars are considered the best layout for Road Racing because of their low polar moment of inertia, since both the Engine and Driver are in between the wheel axes.

[[Category:Vehicle Dynamics]]

User:Benjmyn

2020-05-15T01:03:36Z

Benjmyn: Created page with "woa"

woa

Teams

2020-05-14T13:41:14Z

Benjmyn: /* United States */

[[Category:Team]]
==North American Teams==
===Canada===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Concordia Formula Racing
| align="left"|Montréal, QC
|-
| align="left"|Formula uOttawa
| align="left"|Ottawa, ON
|-
| align="left"|Formule ETS
| align="left"|Montréal, QC
|-
| align="left"|Gryphon Racing
| align="left"|Guelph, ON
|-
| align="left"|McGill Formula Electric (MFE)
| align="left"|Montréal, QC
|-
| align="left"|Queen's Formula SAE
| align="left"|Kingston, ON
|-
| align="left"|Schulich Racing
| align="left"|Calgary, AB
|-
| align="left"|UMSAE Polar Bear Racing
| align="left"|Winnipeg, MB
|-
| align="left"|UMSAE Polar Bear Racing Electric
| align="left"|Winnipeg, MB
|-
| align="left"|UTFR - UofT Formula Racing
| align="left"|Toronto, ON
|-
| align="left"|Waterloo Formula Electric
| align="left"|Waterloo, ON
|}

===United States===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.bruinracing.com/ Bruin Racing FSAE]
| align="left"|Los Angeles, CA
|-
| align="left"|[http://calbaptistracing.com/ CalBaptist Racing ]
| align="left"|Riverside, CA
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.carnegiemellonracing.org/ Carnegie Mellon Racing ]
| align="left"|Pittsburgh, PA
|-
| align="left"|[http://www.clemsonfsae.com/ Clemson University Formula SAE]
| align="left"|Clemson, SC
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.alabamafsae.com/ Crimson Racing]
| align="left"|Tuscaloosa, AL
|-
| align="left"|CSUF Titan Racing
| align="left"|Fullerton, CA
|-
| align="left"|[https://stuorgs.engineering.iastate.edu/sae/formula/ Cyclone Racing]
| align="left"|Ames, IA
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.global-formula-racing.com/en/ Global Formula Racing]
| align="left"|Corvallis, OR
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.gtms.gatech.edu/ GT Motorsports]
| align="left"|Atlanta, GA
|-
| align="left"|[https://stcloudstate.campuslabs.com/engage/organization/huskyformularacing Husky Formula Racing]
| align="left"|St. Could, MN
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.jayhawkmotorsports.org/ Jayhawk Motorsports]
| align="left"|Lawrence, KS
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.kettering.edu/partnerships/formulasae Kettering University Formula SAE]
| align="left"|Flint, MI
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.ksumotorsports.com/ KSU Motorsports]
| align="left"|Kennesaw, GA
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.egr.msu.edu/fsae/ Michigan State Formula Racing]
| align="left"|East Lansing, MI
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.minesformula.com/ Mines Formula]
| align="left"|Golden, CO
|-
| align="left"|Mizzou Racing
| align="left"|Columbia, MO
|-
| align="left"|[https://sae.fiu.edu/ Panther Motorsports]
| align="left"|Miami, FL
|-
| align="left"|[//facebook.com/pittfsae Panther Racing]
| align="left"|Pittsburgh, PA
|-
| align="left"|[https://sites.psu.edu/pennstateracing/ Penn State Racing]
| align="left"|University Park, PA
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.k-state.edu/powercatmotorsports/ Powercat Motorsports]
| align="left"|Manhattan, KS
|-
| align="left"|[https://engineering.purdue.edu/fsae/wordpress/ Purdue Formula SAE]
| align="left"|W. Lafayette, IN
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.parksracingfsae.com/ SLU – Parks Racing]
| align="left"|St. Louis, MO
|-
| align="left"|[http://www.formularpi.org/ Rensselaer Motorsport]
| align="left"|Troy, NY
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.rit.edu/kgcoe/formula/ RIT Racing]
| align="left"|Rochester, NY
|-
| align="left"|RoadRunner Racing
| align="left"|San Antonio, TX
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.rutgersformularacing.com/ Rutgers Formula Racing]
| align="left"|Piscataway, NJ
|-
| align="left"|[https://sae.ou.edu/ The Sooner Racing Team]
| align="left"|Norman, OK
|-
| align="left"|[http://ttumotorsports.com/ TTU Motorsports]
| align="left"|Cookeville, TN
|-
| align="left"|[http://frucd.org/ UC Davis Formula Racing]
| align="left"|Davis, CA
|-
| align="left"|[http://www.uscformulasae.com/ USC Racing]
| align="left"|Los Angeles, CA, USA
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.utaracing.com/about/ UTA Racing Formula SAE]
| align="left"|Arlington, TX
|-
| align="left"|Velox Racing
| align="left"|San Antonio, TX
|-
| align="left"|[https://sites.google.com/pdx.edu/viking-motorsports Viking Motorsports]
| align="left"|Portland, OR
|-
| align="left"|[http://www.me.vt.edu/teams/sae-formula-team/ VT Motorsports]
| align="left"|Blacksburg, VA
|-
| align="left"|[http://fsae.eng.wayne.edu/ Warrior Racing]
| align="left"|Detroit, MI
|-
| align="left"|[https://uaformula.wordpress.com/ Wildcat Formula Racing]
| align="left"|Tucson, AZ
|-
| align="left"|[https://wisconsinracing.org/ Wisconsin Racing (Combustion & Electric]
| align="left"|Madison, WI
|-
| align="left"|[https://www.wwuracing.com WWU Racing]
| align="left"|Bellingham, WA
|}

----

==European Teams==
===Austria===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 354px;" data-mce-style="width: 354px;"
|-
! style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|Team Link
! style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Location
|-
| style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|[https://www.joanneum-racing.at/ Joanneum Racing Graz]
| style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Graz, Austria
|-
| style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|[https://racing.tugraz.at/de/ TU Graz Racing]
| style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Graz, Austria
|}

===Bosnia and Herzegovina===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|FSRacing Team
| align="left"|Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
|}

===Finland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|[http://metropolia-motorsport.fi/ Metropolia Motorsport]
| align="left"|Helsinki, Finland
|-
| align="left"|[http://www.tampereformulastudent.fi/ Tampere Formula Student] 
| align="left"|Tampere, Finland
|-
| align="left"|[//www.fsoulu.fi Formula Student Oulu]
| align="left"|Oulu, Finland
|}

===Germany===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 412px;" data-mce-style="width: 412px;"
|-
! style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|Team Link
! style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Location
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|[https://dart-racing.de/ Dart Racing]
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Darmstadt
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|[https://www.estallesslingen.de/ E.Stall Esslingen]
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Göppingen
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|[https://ecurie-aix.de/ Ecurie Aix]
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Aachen
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|Race-Ing Team
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Dortmund
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|[https://www.rennteam-stuttgart.de/ Rennteam Uni Stuttgart e.V.]
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Stuttgart
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|[https://rennstall-esslingen.de/ Rennstall Esslingen]
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Esslingen
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|[https://runningsnail.oth-aw.de/ Running Snail Racing Team]
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Amberg
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|Strohm + Söhne
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Nürnberg
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|Dynamics e.V.
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Regensburg
|-
| style="width: 253.2px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 253.2px;"|[https://blueflash-hawk.de/ Blue Flash Mobility Concepts ]
| style="width: 133.8px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 133.8px;"|Göttingen
|}

===Greece===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|TEIWM Racing Team
| align="left"|Kozani
|}

===Iceland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Team Sleipnir
| align="left"|Reykjavik
|-
| align="left"|Team Spark
| align="left"|Reykjavik
|}

===Ireland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Formula Trinity
| align="left"|Dublin
|}

===Netherlands===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|FS Team Delft
| align="left"|Delft
|-
| align="left"|University Racing Eindhoven
| align="left"|Eindhoven
|-
| align="left"|Hanze Racing Division
| align="left"|Groningen
|}

===Poland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|AGH Racing
| align="left"|Krakow, Poland
|-
| align="left"|Silesia Automotive
| align="left"|Katowice, Poland
|-
| align="left"|PWR Racing Team
| align="left"|Wroclaw, Poland
|}

===Portugal===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| style="width: 188px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 188px;"|[https://fstlisboa.com/ FST Lisboa]
| style="width: 140px;" align="left" data-mce-style="width: 140px;"|Lisbon, Portugal
|}

===Slovenia===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|UNI Maribor GPE
| align="left"|Maribor
|}

===Switzerland===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|AMZracing
| align="left"|Zürich
|}

===Sweden===

{| class="wikitable" style="height: 151px;" width="301" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" data-mce-style="height: 151px;"
|- style="height: 16px;" data-mce-style="height: 16px;"
! style="height: 16px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 16px; width: 190.813px;"|Team Link
! style="height: 16px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 16px; width: 84.8125px;"|Location
|- style="height: 2px;" data-mce-style="height: 2px;"
| style="height: 2px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 2px; width: 190.813px;"|Chalmers Formula Student
| style="height: 2px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 2px; width: 84.8125px;"|Gothenburg
|- style="height: 4px;" data-mce-style="height: 4px;"
| style="height: 4px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 4px; width: 190.813px;"|Clear River Racing
| style="height: 4px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 4px; width: 84.8125px;"|Karlstad
|- style="height: 7px;" data-mce-style="height: 7px;"
| style="height: 7px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 7px; width: 190.813px;"|KTH Formula Student
| style="height: 7px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 7px; width: 84.8125px;"|Stockholm
|- style="height: 1px;" data-mce-style="height: 1px;"
| style="height: 1px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1px; width: 190.813px;"|LiU Formula Student
| style="height: 1px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1px; width: 84.8125px;"|Linköping
|- style="height: 1.625px;" data-mce-style="height: 1.625px;"
| style="height: 1.625px; width: 190.813px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1.625px; width: 190.813px;"|Lund Formula Student
| style="height: 1.625px; width: 84.8125px;" align="left" data-mce-style="height: 1.625px; width: 84.8125px;"|Lund
|}

===Ukraine===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|FS ONPU
| align="left"|Odessa
|}

===United Kingdom===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Cardiff Racing
| align="left"|Cardiff, UK
|-
| align="left"|Oxford Brooks Racing
| align="left"|Oxford, UK
|-
| align="left"|Leeds Formula Race Team
| align="left"|Leeds, UK
|-
| align="left"|LJMU e-Racing
| align="left"|Liverpool, UK
|-
| align="left"|Team Bath Racing Electric
| align="left"|Bath, UK
|-
| align="left"|UBRacing
| align="left"|Birmingham, UK
|-
| align="left"|Sheffield Formula Racing
| align="left"|Sheffield, UK
|-
| align="left"|[http://hullfs.co.uk HUFS]
| align="left"|Hull, UK
|}

----

==South American Teams==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|EESC USP Formula SAE
| align="left"|São Carlos, Brazil
|-
| align="left"|Equipe Poli Racing
| align="left"|São Paulo, Brazil
|-
| align="left"|[https://fsaeunicamp.com/ FSAE Unicamp]
| align="left"|Campinas, Brazil
|}

----

==Asian & Pacific Teams==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|TaipeiTechRacing
| align="left"|Taipei, Taiwan
|-
| align="left"|TDU Racing
| align="left"|Tokyo, Japan
|-
| align="left"|University of Auckland
| align="left"|Auckland, New Zealand
|}

===Australia===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Curtin University
| align="left"|Perth
|-
| align="left"|UWA Motorsport
| align="left"|Perth
|-
| align="left"|Monash Motorsport
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|RMIT Racing
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|RMIT Electric Racing
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|Team Swinburne
| align="left"|Melbourne
|-
| align="left"|UOW Motorsport
| align="left"|Wollongong
|-
| align="left"|[//www.uqracing.com UQ Racing ]
| align="left"|Brisbane, QLD
|}

===India===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Raftar Formula Racing, IIT-Madras
| align="left"|Chennai, India
|-
| align="left"|DJS Racing
| align="left"|Mumbai
|-
| align="left"|Fierce formula India
| align="left"|Hyderabad, India
|-
| align="left"|Pravega Racing
| align="left"|India
|-
| align="left"|Team Acceleracers
| align="left"|Pune, India
|-
| align="left"|Team Defianz Racing
| align="left"|New Delhi, India
|-
| align="left"|VITC Formula Electric
| align="left"|India
|-
| align="left"|Zurra Formula Racing
| align="left"|Chennai, India
|-
| align="left"|Orion Racing India
| align="left"|Mumbai, India
|}

===China(Mainland)===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|[//www.jluracing.com Gspeed Formula Racing ]
| align="left"|Changchun, Jilin
|-
| align="left"|Gspeed Electric Racing
| align="left"|Changchun, Jilin
|}

----

==Middle East & African Teams==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align="left"|Team Link
! align="left"|Location
|-
| align="left"|Formula Electric Racing NUST
| align="left"|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
| align="left"|NED Racers
| align="left"|Karachi, Pakistan
|-
| align="left"|NUST Formula Student Team
| align="left"|Karachi, Pakistan
|}